WPS0!03!04 Ethernet Technology ISSUE1.0 - 20061229 - A

Internal
ODP200004 Ethernet
Technology
ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

As we know, LAN includes Ethernet,
Token-ring, Token bus etc. now
Ethernet with its simple and efficient
design is predominant in the LAN.
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Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
 Understand the basic concept of
Ethernet
 Know the common Ethernet device
and work process of LAN Switch
 Understand the principle of VLAN and
Layer 3 switch
 Describe the development trend of
Gigabit Ethernet

Chapter 1 Ethernet Concept
Chapter 2 Emergence of Hub and Layer 2 Switch
Chapter 3 Emergence of VLAN and L3 Switch
Chapter 4 Emergence of GE/10GE Ethernet

MAC Address of Ethernet
MAC ： 00e0.fc39.8034
 MAC address is a 48-bit hexadecimal address ,usually represents
a 12-digit hexadecimal address .
 MAC address is unique in world wide, Each address is composed
of two parts, stands for provider and serial number respectively.
 Broadcasts use a MAC address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF.
 If the eighth bit is set to 1, it represents multicast
00000001 10111011 00111010 10111010 10111110 10101000
The eighth bit set to 1

means multicast address

The Frame Structure of Ethernet
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS
Length/Type value Meaning
Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Represents Type
802.3 Length/T <= 1500 Represents Length

The Principle of Ethernet---CSMA/CD
 CS ： Carrier Sense
 The LAN device listens to the Ethernet network to sense th

e carrier signal on the network, and ensures that line is idle
to reduce the likelihood of collision.
 MA ： Multiple Access
 Every traffic can be received by multiple devices.

 CD ： collision Detection
 Detect the collision as transmission goes along. If there has

been a collision. The LAN device waits a random amount of
time to transmit again.

Transmission Media of Ethernet
 At the beginning of Ethernet , we use coax cable.
Any negligence will cause fatal failure in network.
 10Base5: thick coax cable ( 5 stands for 500 meters long)
10Base2: thin coax cable (2 stands for 200 meters long)

Questions
 what is the function of MAC address ?

 Please describe the CSMA/CD in simple word ?


Transition from Coax Cable to twisted-pair
 In late 1980s, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) appeared and

was widely used in the enterprise network .
 The great advantages lie in:
 Low price
 Simple manufacture
 Receive and transmit using different lines respectively
 Logical topology is bus, but physical topology is star
How to implement star topology?------

Traditional Ethernet Device-----HUB
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
HUB
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical

All HUBs are Half-duplex
Working Principle of HUB
1 2 3 4 5
IN OUT OUT OUT OUT
HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet

Collision Domain
 HUB is only taken as a relay connected to device in a LAN.
 All devices form a collision domain.
LAN
LAN LAN
Hub
LAN LAN

The Essence of HUB Ethernet
 Setting up network by HUB may cause shortcomings as follow:
 Severe collision
 Broadcast flooding
 No security
Network set by HUB is still a sharing Ethernet.

Layer 2 Work Mode
( BRIDGE/ LAN Switch/ L2) work model
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Layer 2 switch Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical

Source MAC Learning
Network Segment1 Network Segment2
A C
PORT1 PORT2
LAN switch D
B
Typical Application
MAC Address Port
Notice: MAC A 1
CAM (content addressable memory )can MAC B 1
not be established by learning under MAC C 2
multicast, but set up by IGMP
MAC D 2
Snooping .
Forwarding Based on the Destination MAC
MAC Address Port

MACA 1
MACB 1
MACC 2
MACD MACA ......
MACD 2
Port 1
MACD MACA ......
Port 2

The Principle of Layer 2 Switch
Learning
Flooding
Filtering
Forwarding
Aging

Three Switch Models
 Cut-Through ：
 Forward as soon as it receives destination MAC address.
 Low delay
 No error check
 Store-and-Forward ：
 Forward after it receives all the packets
 High delay
 Check error, no garble
 Fragment-free ：
 Forwarding only after it receives the first 64 byte
 Combine the advantages of Cut-Through and Store-and- Forward

Full-duplex
 The guarantee of full-duplex
 The effect on Ethernet of full-duplex
 Device that supports full-duplex

Auto-negotiation
Half-Duplex Full-Duplex
10M
√ √
100M
√ √
1000M
× √
10G
× √

Negotiation Rule
Transmit rate mode Transmit rate mode
100M Full-duplex 100M Full-duplex
10M Half-duplex 10M Half-duplex

Broadcast Domain
 Layer 2 switch improves network performance by allowing

devices in the same collision domain to exchange traffic
without being forwarded to the other collision domain. But it
can not limit broadcast packet flooding in a LAN.
Broadcast
LAN domain
collision do
main
LAN LAN
SWITCH
collision domain collision domain
LAN LAN
collision domain
collision domain

The Shortcoming of Full-duplex and L2 switch
 Full-duplex and L2 switch has brought out two important

improvements on Ethernet technology , solving the collision
problem , enhancing Ethernet capabilities remarkably.
 But Ethernet still remains some shortcomings as follows:
 Broadcast flooding
 No security insurance
The main shortcoming is broadcast flooding.

Questions
 Describe the working mechanism of L2 switch?
 Tell the different between broadcast domain and collision

domain?

Chapter 2 Emergence of Hub and Layer 2 switch

The Origin of VLAN– Port-based division
The primary idea to solve broadcast flooding is to separate each

host.
10.110.20.0
10.110.10.0 10.110.30.0
Engineering Marketing Sales

department department
department
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Switc
h

The advantages and disadvantage of VLAN
 VLAN solves the broadcast flooding successfully and further

improves network security. Now Ethernet is inclined to
perfection.
 The disadvantage of VLAN:
 Although VLAN enhances the network efficiency through

dividing network into different virtual LANs, if there is a
need for communication between two departments. How to
solve this problem?
I have a good idea–only limit broadc

ast packet , allow Unicast packet. Do
you think it will work?

Solution One
 Using router to connect different VLANs
 Shortcoming: every LAN must possess an interface on router and differ
ent hosts in different VLANs need to configure default gateway.
10.110.10.0 10.110.20.0
10.110.30.0
Marketing
Engineering Sales
department
department department
SWITCH

Solution Two—VLAN Trunk
Using router that supports VLAN attribute to connect different VLANs.

Premise: VLAN and IP subnet
must be correspond to each other
10.110.10.0 10.110.20.0
10.110.30.0
Marketing Sales
Engineering
Department Department department
SWITCH

（ L2+Router ） disadvantage of Router Mod
e
 More devices are needed and network structure is more complicated.
 Communication between VLANs is implemented by router.
 Router is more expensive.
10.110.10.0 10.110.20.0
10.110.30.0
Marketing Sales Dept
Engineering
Dept VLAN VLAN
Dept VLAN
SWITCH

Solution Three
Combine Router and Lan Switch together-----Layer 3 Switch

Premise: VLAN and IP
subnet must be
correspond to each other
10.110.10.0 10.110.20.0 10.110.30.0
Engineering Marketing Sales Dept

Dept VLAN Dept VLAN VLAN
SWITCH

What’s Layer 3 Switch
 The primary difference between L3 and router on forwarding operation lies in

forwarding mechanism.
 hardware searching and forwarding (ASIC)
 Traditional router uses software running on CPU to search and forward
 Forwarding table of L3 switch is the same as routing table of router and both
are set up and administrated by routing protocol.
 L 3 switch in LAN
 Substitute traditional router more economically

The Application of Layer 3 Switch
 Layer 3 switch adapt to network type as follow:
 All interfaces are Ethernet interfaces

 Route is more stable and has few variation

The Comparison between Router and Layer 3 Switch
Item Router Layer 3 switch

Port type Various interfaces, adapt to Relative oneness, primary
Various services Support Ethernet
Forwarding mechanism CPU+ software ASIC
Route algorithm Longest match First packet longest match,

subsequent packets flow
forwarding
Packet forwarding rate low high
cost high low

Adaptation ability strong weak
Layer 2 forwarding nonsupport support

Two questions
 Why does not add route adaptation ability to L3 switch ?
 A: it must use expensive CPU, so increase cost.
 why does not router use L3 hardware forwarding ?
 A: There are too many routes for WAN and every route is
not definite. This may lead to low efficient match.

The Shortcoming of Layer 3 Switch
 Shortcoming of L3 switch:
 Although L3 switch has all the capabilities of router, it may

face the problem of lack of interface in WAN network.

Questions
 Why divide VLAN?
 What is L3 switch? Describe it in simple word.


GE’s long run effect on Ethernet
 GE’s merit:
 Low cost , great bandwidth

 Scalability and compatibility
 Make for MAN
 10GE’s merit:
 10GE is the highest bandwidth for which a router can

support.
 With the natural advantages of Ethernet , 10GE is more
convenient than 10GE POS.
 Make for Backbone

GE/10GE&L3
 L3 switch lacks of various service interfaces.
 GE/10GE makes up for the deficiency of L3 switch.
(GE/10GE+L3) = With Might Doubled ！

Combination between large-scale L3 and GSR
The combination trend of large-scale and GSR
 Many large-scale L3 switches have POS interface.
 Large-scale L3 switch ‘s ASIC chip has an increasingly function and

can implement many services. GSR uses NP to realize forwarding
 Large-scale L3 switch becomes more and more complicated and cost
is increasing closed to GSR.
 GSR uses onboard LSW to implement L 2 forwarding.
 There is no definite limit line between large-scale L3 switch and GSR.

There is no use discussing which device belongs to GSR or L3 switch.

Summary
 Principle of Ethernet and development process
 Auto-negotiation and working process of switch
 GE and 10GE Ethernet

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Internal

ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3

Chapter 2 Emergence of Hub and Layer 2 Switch

Chapter 3 Emergence of VLAN and L3 Switch

Chapter 4 Emergence of GE/10GE Ethernet

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4

 If the eighth bit is set to 1, it represents multicast

00000001 10111011 00111010 10111010 10111110 10101000

The eighth bit set to 1

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5

DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

Length/Type value Meaning

Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Represents Type

802.3 Length/T <= 1500 Represents Length

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6

 The LAN device listens to the Ethernet network to sense th

 Every traffic can be received by multiple devices.

 Detect the collision as transmission goes along. If there has

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7

 At the beginning of Ethernet , we use coax cable.

Any negligence will cause fatal failure in network.

 10Base5: thick coax cable ( 5 stands for 500 meters long)

10Base2: thin coax cable (2 stands for 200 meters long)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8

 what is the function of MAC address ?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9

Chapter 2 Emergence of Hub and Layer 2 Switch

Chapter 3 Emergence of VLAN and L3 Switch

Chapter 4 Emergence of GE/10GE Ethernet

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 In late 1980s, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) appeared and

How to implement star topology?------

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Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

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IN OUT OUT OUT OUT

HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet

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 HUB is only taken as a relay connected to device in a LAN.

 All devices form a collision domain.

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 Setting up network by HUB may cause shortcomings as follow:

Network set by HUB is still a sharing Ethernet.

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Transport Layer 2 switch Transport

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

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MAC Address Port

MACD MACA ......

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 The guarantee of full-duplex

 The effect on Ethernet of full-duplex

 Device that supports full-duplex

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 22