WPS3-02-02 BGP Routing Protocol ISSUE1.0 - 20061229 - A

Internal
ODP500005 BGP Routing

Protocol
ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you
will be able to:
 Understand the principle of BGP
 Understand the features of
Attributes
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Chapter 1 Principle of BGP
Chapter 2 BGP Route Attributes

Overview Of BGP
 BGP is an exterior routing protocol, used to transmit routing inf

ormation between ASs
 It is a kind of distance-vector routing protocol and avoids the oc
currence of loop in design. It provides additional attribute infor
mation for the route
 Transfer protocol: TCP; port No.: 179
 It supports Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
 Route updating: transmit incremental routes only
 Abundant route filtering and routing policies

Autonomous System
 What is an Autonomous System (AS)?
The Autonomous System (AS) refers to a set of routers, which are ma

naged by the same technical management organization and adopt the
unified routing strategy. Each AS has a unique AS number, which is al
located by the management organization authorized by the Internet.
 which routing protocol running inside the AS
IGP routing protocol such as static route, OSPF , IS-IS etc
 Which routing protocol running between ASs
BGP only

Working Mechanism Of BGP
AS1 AS2
AS3
AS4
AS5 AS7
AS6

IBGP Neighbor & EBGP Neighbor
RTA RTE
AS100 AS300
EBGP
EBGP
IBGP
RTB RTD
AS200
RTC

Route Advertising Principles of BGP
 BGP Speaker only selects the best one for its own use
 BGP Speaker only advertises the routes used by itself to its

neighbors
 For the routes obtained from EBGP, the BGP Speaker will
advertise them to all its neighbors (including EBGP and IBGP)
 For the routes obtained from IBGP, the BGP Speaker will not
advertise them to its IBGP neighbors
 For the routes obtained from IBGP, whether the BGP Speaker will
advertise them to its EBGP neighbors depends on the
synchronization state of IGP and BGP
 Once the connection is established, the BGP Speaker will advertise
all its BGP routes to the new neighbors

BGP Synchronization
E0:10.1.1.1/24
AS100 RTA
AS300
S0 RTF
EBGP EBGP
IBGP
RTB
S1
RTE
RTC
RTD
AS200

Full Dynamic Redistribution
AS200
18.0.0.1/8
OSPF
RTB
 OSPF discovers route 18.0.0.1/8
 Dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP (OSPF)

into the BGP routing table of RTB

Semi Dynamic Redistribution
AS200
18.0.0.1/8
OSPF
RTB
 OSPF discovers the route 18.0.0.1/8
 Semi-dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP

(OSPF) into the BGP routing table of RTB

Static Redistribution
AS200
18.0.0.1/8
RTB
 Manually configure the static route 18.0.0.1/8
 Redistribute the static route manually configured into the BGP r

outing table of RTB

BGP Messages
 There are four types of BGP messages:
 Open: greeting--"hello, let's make friends!"

 Keepalive: I'm alive, don't leave me alone
 Update: fresh news...
 Notification: i won't play with you any more!

BGP Message Header
 BGP messages have the same format: "message header +
packet body"
 The BGP header is given as follows:
Marker(16 byte)
Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte)

Open Message
 Open Message consists of the Message header and the
structure below
Version(1byte)
My Autonomous System
(2byte)
Hold Time (2byte)
BGP Identifier (4byte)

Optional Parameters
Length (1byte)
Optional Parameters

Keepalive Message
 Keepalive Message only has the header
Marker(16 byte)
Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte)

Update Message
 An Update Message consists of the header and the following
structure
Unfeasible Routes Length

(2byte)
Withdrawn Routes (variable length)
Path Attribute Length (2byte)
Path Attribute (2byte)
Network Layer Reachability Information (variable length)

Notification Message
 A Notification packet consists of the header and the structure below
Error Code Error Subcode

(1byte) (1byte)
Data (variable length)
Error Code 1 2 3 4 5 6
OPEN UPDATE Hold State

Header
Error Type Massage Massage time Machine Exit
error
error error expiry error

Finite State Machine of BGP
Connect-Retry
timer expiry
TCP connection fails Connect-Retry
timer expiry
Active Connect
TCP connection fails
TCP connection setup Others
Others Start
TCP connection setup
Open-sent Idle
Error
Correct OPEN
packet received Error Error
Open-confirm Established 1. KeepAlive

timer expiry
KeepAlive KeepAlive packet 2. Update received
timer expiry received 3. KeepAlive received

Application of Messages in BGP
 The Open message is sent when establishing a BGP
connection via TCP
 After the connection is established, the UPDATE message is
sent to notify the peer of the routing information if a route
needs to be sent or route change occurs
 After stabilization, it is necessary to send the KEEPALIVE
message periodically to keep the validity of the BGP
connection
 When an error is found during the running of local BGP,
NOTIFICATION message shall be sent to notify the BGP peer

Chapter 1 Principle of BGP
Chapter 2 BGP Route Attributes

BGP Path Attributes
 A Path Attribute is a characteristic of an advertised BGP route.
 Each Path Attribute falls into one of four categories:
 Well-known mandatory
 Well-known discretionary
 Optional transitive
 Optional nontransitive

Path Attribute
Well-known mandatory Optional nontransitive
ORIGIN Multi-Exit-Disc (MED)
AS-Path ORIGINATOR-ID
Next hop Cluster-List
Well-known discretionary
Destination Pref (MCI)
Local-Preference
Advertiser (Baynet)
Atomic-Aggregate
Rcid-Path (Baynet)
MP_Reach_NLRI
Optional transitive
MP_Unreach_NLRI
Aggregator
Extended_Communities
Community

ORIGIN Attribute
 ORIGIN specifies the origin of the routing update. When BGP has multi
ple routes, it uses ORIGIN as one factor in determining the preferred ro
ute.
 IGP NLRI (Network layer Reachability Information) was learned fr
om a protocol internal to the originating AS. BGP routes are given
an origin of IGP if they are learned from an IGP routing table via th
e network statement.
 EGP NLRI was learned from the Exterior Gateway Protocol.
 Incomplete NLRI was learned by some other means. Incomplete i
mply that the information for determining the origin of the route is in
complete. Routes that BGP learns through redistribution carry the i
ncomplete origin attribute.
 Which one is preferred? IGP > EGP > Incomplete

AS_PATH Attribute
 AS-PATH uses a sequence of AS numbers to describe the inter-AS pat
h or route to the destination specified by the NLRI.
 AS-PATH describes all AS it has passed through ,beginning with the m
ost recent AS and ending with the originating AS.
AS300
D(18.0.0.0/8)
AS200
AS400 RTA
30.0.0.1
D (400 300 200)

30.0.0.2
RTB
AS100 AS500
D (500 200)

AS_PATH Attribute
 The Function of AS-PATH
 AS can influence its incoming traffic by changing the AS_PATH of

its advertising route
 AS_PATH can be used for loop avoidance
AS300
D(18.0.0.0/8)
AS200
AS400 RTA
30.0.0.1
D (200 200 200)

D (400 300 200)
30.0.0.2
RTB
AS100 AS500
D (500 200,200,200)

Next Hop Attribute
AS200
RTC
RTA 10.0.0.1
18.0.0.0/8
AS100 21.0.0.2
10.0.0.2 IBGP
EBGP
IBGP
20.0.0.0/8
21.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
RTD
19.0.0.0/8
RTB
RTA
I can reach 18.0.0.0/8 via the next hop10.0.0.2
I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3
RTC
RTB I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3

LOCAL_PREF Attribute
 LOCAL_PREF is used to communicate a BGP router’s degree
of preference for an advertised route.
 LOCAL_PREF is only in updates between internal BGP peers
and it is not passed to other AS.
 If an internal BGP speaker receives multiple routes to the same
destination, it compares the LOCAL_PREF attribute of the
routes. The route with highest LOCAL_PREF is selected.
 The LOCAL_PREF attribute affects only traffic leaving the AS.

LOCAL_PREF Attribute
AS400
D (18.0.0.0/8)
RTF
AS200 AS300
RTD 30.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 RTE
30.0.0.2 AS100 20.0.0.2

RTB RTC
D ， local-pref1 100 D ， local-pref2 200
RTA
 D ， local-pref1 100
 D ， local-pref2 200 RTA will select local-pref2 that has higher local preference

MULTI-EXIT-DISC (MED) Attribute
 MED is carried in EBGP updates and allows an AS to inform anoth
er AS of its preferred ingress points. It is meant only for a single A
S to demonstrate a degree of preference when it has multiple ingre
ss points.
 MED attribute affects only the incoming traffic to the AS.
 If all else is equal , an AS receiving multiple routes to the same de

stination compare the MED of the routes. The lowest MED value is
prefered. MEDs are not compared if two routes to the same destin
ation are received from two different AS.
 The MED is passed between internal peers of the receiving AS but
not passed beyond the receiving AS. MED is used only to influenc
e traffic between two directly connected AS.

MULTI-EXIT-DISC (MED) Attribute
AS100
D,metric1 10
D,metric2 20
RTA
30.0.0.1 20.0.0.1
RTA will select the lower metric
D,metric1 10 D,metric2 20
30.0.0.2 20.0.0.2
RTB RTC
IBGP
D(18.0.0.0/8)
AS200

Community Attribute
 Community is designed to simplify policy enforcement. It identifies a

destination as a member of some community of destinations that share
one or more common properties.
 The COMMUNITY attribute is a set of four octets values AA:NN. AA is

AS number. NN is an administratively defined identifier.

Well-known Community
 NO_EXPORT
− Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to
EBGP peers and outside of the confederation
 NO_ADVERTISE
− Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised at all
to either EBGP or IBGP peers.
 LOCAL_AS
− Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to
EBGP peers including peers in other AS within a confederation.
 INTERNET
− All routes belong to this community by default. Received routes
belonging to this community are advertised freely

BGP Route Selection Procedure
 In general, the procedure of local BGP route selection is:
 1. If the next hop of this route is unreachable, this route is not selected.
 2. Select the route with a higher local preference.
 3. Select the originated route by the local router (same local
precedence).
 4. Select the route with shortest AS path.
 5. Select the route with lowest origin code (IGP lower than EGP, EGP
lower than Incomplete ).
 6. Select the route with smallest MED .
 7.Performing load sharing on multiple routes according to the
configured number of routes (in case load sharing is configured and
there are multiple external routes to the same AS)
 8. Select the route with smallest Router ID .

Summary
 Feature of BGP
 Difference with the IGP and EGP
 Principle of BGP
 The route attributes of BGP

Thank You
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Internal

ODP500005 BGP Routing

ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

Chapter 2 BGP Route Attributes

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3

 BGP is an exterior routing protocol, used to transmit routing inf

 It supports Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

 Route updating: transmit incremental routes only

 Abundant route filtering and routing policies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4

The Autonomous System (AS) refers to a set of routers, which are ma

 which routing protocol running inside the AS

IGP routing protocol such as static route, OSPF , IS-IS etc

 Which routing protocol running between ASs

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7

 BGP Speaker only advertises the routes used by itself to its

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9

 OSPF discovers route 18.0.0.1/8

 Dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP (OSPF)

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 OSPF discovers the route 18.0.0.1/8

 Semi-dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP

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 Manually configure the static route 18.0.0.1/8

 Redistribute the static route manually configured into the BGP r

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 Open: greeting--"hello, let's make friends!"

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Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte)

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BGP Identifier (4byte)

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Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte)

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Unfeasible Routes Length

Path Attribute Length (2byte)

Path Attribute (2byte)

Network Layer Reachability Information (variable length)

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Error Code Error Subcode

Data (variable length)

OPEN UPDATE Hold State

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TCP connection setup Others

Open-confirm Established 1. KeepAlive

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Chapter 2 BGP Route Attributes

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 Each Path Attribute falls into one of four categories:

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