STUDY OF

GLOBALIZATION
(CONTINUATION)

BERNARD P. BATOON, LPT

 DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL
CULTURE
◦ ❖ Cultural Differentialism
◦ ✓ It emphasizes that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially
affected by global flows.
◦ ✓ Defines culture as a bound entity with a specific geological location. Diverse
cultures have distinctions that allow observers to identify a specific component of
culture from another.
◦ Examples:
▪ French culture or Chinese culture is distinct from another.
▪ Each country has its own language, values, norms symbols.
FRENCH CULTURE VS. CHINESE
CULTURE
Open and free conservative
FRENCH CULTURE VS. CHINESE
CULTURE

QUIPAO TANG SUIT

Cultural Hybridization
The process by which a cultural element blends into
another culture by modifying the element to fit cultural
 norms.
Emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures.
Examples:
▪ Language and Music
Cultural Hybridization
◦  Creole languages, a new language developed from simplifying and
blending different languages that come into contact within a particular 
population, at a specific point in time. 
Louisiana Creole is a combination of African, French, and English 
languages.

◦ Techno, a type of electronic dance music, began in Detroit in the 1980s and

made its way around the world, from German Techno to Melbourne
Bounce.
Cultural Convergence
◦ the theory that two cultures will be more and more
like each other as their interactions increase.
Basically, the more that cultures interact, the more
that their values, ideologies, behaviors, arts, and
customs will start to reflect each other.
SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGES IN
GLOBALIZATION
❖ Scholte (2005) identifies macro-structural changes in a
globalized society such:
◦ ✓ product and services integration through commodity
value chains;
◦ ✓ emerging institutional arrangements;
◦ ✓ pluralistic identity; and
◦ ✓ growth of supraterritorial relations.
SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGES IN
GLOBALIZATION
◦ ❖ Also, he identifies four fundamental shifts in society:
◦ 1. growth of trans- and supra-territorial connectivity
◦ 2. the shift from capitalism to hyper-capitalism focused on
the production
◦ 3. a move from nationalism toward identifying pluralism
and hybridity
◦ 4. from rationalism toward knowledge reflexivity
 FACTORS DRIVING GLOBALIZATION
◦ ❖ Reduction of trade barriers
◦ ✓ In 1947, richer countries banded together to reduce taxes on imports or tariffs under
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was later transformed into
the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994 (Koopman & Hancock, 2019).

◦ ❖ Modern Technology Developments

◦ ✓ These developments facilitated faster communication and access to data or
information (Husain, 2011).
◦ ✓ This further promoted the development of an information society (Castells, 2000).
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION
◦ 1. Changed food supply
◦ 2. Division of labor
◦ 3. Less job security
◦ 4. Damage to the environment
◦ 5. Terrorism
◦ 6. Disease outbreak
◦ 7. Competition of technology
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
◦ ❖ Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing
a context for the current revival and the resurgence of
religion.
◦ ❖ According to Scholte (2005), the accelerated
globalization of recent times has enabled coreligionists
across the planet to have greater direct contact with one
another.
 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
◦ ❖ Hardwired is connected to four aspects of globalization:
trade, missionary, work, adventures, and conquest.
◦ ❖ Cycle – long-term cyclical process, suspected that soon will
disappear and reappear.
◦ ❖ Epoch – these are called “waves,” and each has its origin.
The following are the sequential occurrence
of the epochs:
◦ 1. Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh
centuries)
religious responses to globalization and religious interpretations
of globalization
2. European colonial conquests(late fifteenth
century)
Technological Improvements
◦ (sail-vessels: Carrack better than Caravel)
2. European colonial conquests(late fifteenth
century)
Navigational Instruments were improved.
• The astrolabe, used for determining latitude by the altitude of stars, had been
known since Roman times, but its employment by seafarers was rare, even as late as
1300; it became more common during the next 50 years, though most pilots
probably did not possess it and often did not need it because most voyages took
place in the narrow waters of the Mediterranean or Baltic or along western
European coasts.
2. European colonial conquests(late fifteenth
century)
◦ Portugal’s seaborne empire
◦ Spain’s American empire
◦ Spanish colonial policies
 3. Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to
the early nineteenth century to 1918)
◦ The military history of Europe during the 19th century is ground well-trodden at
the chronological ends, the Napoleonic Wars (1800–1815) at one end and the 
Wars of German Unification (1864–1871) and Wars of Imperialism at the other.
◦ Wars in the mid-19th century reflected the changing nature of European
society, politics, and economy. The Napoleonic Wars led to an understanding
by the major European powers that a general European conflict should be
avoided at all costs.
◦  The latter war has significant literature, but an excellent general work is 
Goldfrank 1994.
4. The heyday of European imperialism (mid-
nineteenth century to 1918)
◦ From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, Western
Europe pursued a policy of imperialism that became
known as New Imperialism. This New Imperialist Age
gained its impetus from economic, military, political,
humanitarian, and religious reasons, as well as from the
development and acceptance of a new theory—Social
Darwinism— and advances in technology
5. Post-world War II period
◦ The decade following World War II is fondly remembered as a period
of economic growth and cultural stability. America had won the war
and defeated the forces of evil in the world. The hardships of the
previous fifteen years of war and depression were replaced by rising
living standards, increased opportunities, and a newly emerging
American culture confident of its future and place in the world.
◦ After World War II a number of developing countries attained
independence from their former colonial rulers. 
6. Post-cold war period
◦ The United States has emerged into the new period with what is
still the largest economy in the world with the fewest economic
problems of the three pillars of the post-Cold War world. It has also
emerged with the greatest military power. But it has emerged far
more mature and cautious than it entered the period.
◦ Human Rights
◦ Peace and Security
◦ Development
Events
explain not only the origin but also the history of globalization
◦ Birth of Jesus Christ
Globalization has been occurring since Adam and Eve were banned from the Garden of Eden and
their offspring multiplied and spread throughout the earth, particularly after the scattering at Babylon.
Man traveled and settled throughout the land in his effort to take dominion over the earth. This became
a predominant theme throughout early history as early explorers set sail to discover new worlds. This is
recognized and celebrated every year in the United States on Columbus Day.
◦ Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America in 1942
Little is known of his early life, but he worked as a seaman and then a maritime
entrepreneur. He became obsessed with the possibility of pioneering a western sea route
to Cathay (China), India, and the gold and spice islands of Asia. (Santa Maria, the Pinta,
the Nina)