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Virtualization for Cloud
Unit – 4
 What is Virtualization?
• Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, such as a server, a desktop, a storage
device, an operating system or network resources"
• In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to
share a single physical instance of a resource or an application
among multiple customers and organizations.
• It does by assigning a logical name to a physical storage and
providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded
 Virtualization versus Emulation
• Virtualization presents multiple copies of the same hardware
system.
• Direct execution of code on the hardware
• Emulation presents a model of another hardware system
• Instructions are “emulated” in software – much slower than
virtualization
• Example: Microsoft’s VirtualPC could run on other chipsets
than the x86 family; used on Mac hardware until Apple
adopted Intel chips
 Virtualization Concept

 The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create

is known as Host Machine and that virtual machine is referred
as a Guest Machine
Virtualization Architecture
 Types of Virtualization

1. Hardware Virtualization

2. Operating System Virtualization

3. Server Virtualization

4. Storage Virtualization
 Hardware Virtualization
1. When the virtual machine software or Virtual Machine
Manager (VMM) is directly installed on the hardware system is
known as hardware virtualization
2. The main job of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the
processor, memory and other hardware resources
3. After virtualization of hardware system we can install different
operating system on it and run different applications on those
OS
4. Usage: Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server
platforms, because controlling virtual machines is much easier
than controlling a physical server
 Operating System Virtualization
• When the virtual machine software or Virtual Machine
Manager (VMM) is installed on the Host Operating
System instead of directly on the hardware system is known as
Operating System Virtualization

• Usage: Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for

testing the applications on different platforms of OS
 Server Virtualization
• When the virtual machine software or Virtual Machine
Manager (VMM) is directly installed on the Server system is
known as Server Virtualization

• Usage: Server virtualization is done because a single physical

server can be divided into multiple servers on the demand basis
and for balancing the load
 Storage Virtualization
• Storage virtualization is the process of grouping the physical
storage from multiple network storage devices so that it looks
like a single storage device
• Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software
applications
• Usage: Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and
recovery purposes.
Benefits of Virtualization
 Virtualization – System Vim

1. VIM – Virtualized Infrastructure Manager

2. VIM is a software that responsible for ensuring physical and
virtual resources work smoothly.
 Key Features of a VIM
• Supporting the "On Demand" concept of the cloud: VIM is very important
to provides "on demand" and "self servicing“ in cloud computing. Thus
users should be able to choose their services and configuration on their
own without any human intervention.
• Provides Hardware Virtualization
• Provides Storage virtualization
• Provides Resource allocation on demand
• Create environment to provides minimum downtime
• Take continuous data backups
 Popular VIM’s
• VMWare vSphere:
• Citrix Essentials:
• Enomaly ECP:
• Some other prominent VIM names are:
• AppLogic
• Eucalyptus
• OpenPEX
• Platform VMO
• Apache VCL
• Nimbus
 Virtual Machine
• Virtual Machines are divided into two parts:
• System VM or Hardware Virtual Machine
• Process VM or Application Virtual Machine
 System Virtual Machines
• The System VM simulates the complete system hardware stack
and supports the execution of complete operating system.
• The System VM abstracts Instruction Set Architecture (ISA),
which is bit different from that of real hardware platform.
• The main advantages of System VM includes:
• consolidation (Multiple OS coexistence on single computer)
• Application Provisioning
• Easy Maintenance
• High Availability
• Easy Disaster Recovery.
• Faster Reboot
• Better Debugging Access
 Process Virtual Machines
• Process VM adds up layer over an operating system which is use to
simulate the programming environment for the execution of
individual process.
• Process VM allows normal execution of application within
underlying operating system to support a single process. But we can
create multiple instances of process VM to allow the execution of
multiple applications associated with multiple processes.
• The main purpose of process VM is to provide platform
independency.
 Process Virtual Machines…
• In contrast to system VM where low-level abstraction of ISA is
provided, process VM abstracts high level programming language.
• Process VM is implemented using an interpreter; however the
comparable performance to the compiler based programming
languages is achieved through just-in-time compilation method.
• Two of the most popular examples of process VMs are:
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) used for Java Programming
• Common Language Runtime used for .NET Programming
 Virtual Machine Monitor
• A hypervisor or VMM is computer software, firmware or
hardware that creates and runs virtual machines.
• A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual
machines is called a host machine, and each virtual machine is
called a guest machine.
• The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a virtual
operating platform and manages the execution of the guest
operating systems.
• Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems may share the
virtualized hardware resources
• The hypervisor is the supervisor of the supervisor.
 Types of Hypervisor’s
There are two types of hypervisors:
•Type 1 hypervisor: It’s run directly on the system hardware – A
“bare metal” embedded hypervisor,
•Type 2 hypervisor: It’s run on a host operating system.
 Types of Type 1 Hypervisor’s
• VMware ESX and ESXi
• Microsoft Hyper-V
• Citrix XenServer
• Oracle VM
 Types of Type 2 Hypervisor’s
• VMware Workstation/Fusion/Player
• VMware Server
• Microsoft Virtual PC
• Oracle VM VirtualBox
• Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization (KVM)
 Interpretation
• Interpretation involves a 4-step cycle (all in software):
• Fetch instruction from memory.
• Decode the instruction.
• Read the effective address from memory.
• Execute the instruction.
 Binary Translation
• This process of converting the source binary program into a
target binary program is referred to as binary translation
• Types of Binary Translation are;
• Static
• Dynamic
• Static Binary Translation: It is possible to binary translate a
program in its entirety before executing the program. This
approach is referred to as static binary translation
• Dynamic Binary Translation: A general solution is to translate
the binary while the program is operating on actual input data
(i.e., dynamically) and interpret new sections of code
incrementally as the program reaches them. This scheme is
referred to as dynamic binary translation.
 HLL VM
• HLL VM is a abstract machine that translate the intermediate code to the
instruction set of underlying architecture.
• This approach of HLL VM make High Level Programming languages
platform independent.
• High Level Language Virtual Machine (HLL VM) is similar to Process
VM.
• Example of HLL VM are:
• Java Virtual Machine
• Common Language Runtime (.NET)
 Supervisor
• A supervisor is a system program that is part of an operating
system, that controls the execution of other routines and
regulates work scheduling, input/output operations, error actions,
and similar functions and regulates the flow of work in a data
processing system.
 VMware
• VMware is a virtualization and cloud computing software provider
based in Palo Alto, California. Founded in 1998, VMware is a
subsidiary of Dell Technologies.
• EMC Corporation acquired VMware in 2004; EMC was later
acquired by Dell Technologies in 2016.
• VMware bases its virtualization technologies on its bare-metal
hypervisor ESX/ESXi in x86 architecture.
• A hypervisor is installed on the physical server to allow for
multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on the same physical server.
• Diane Greene, Scott Devine, Mendel Rosenblum, Edward Wang
and Edouard Bugnion founded VMware, which launched its first
product -- VMware Workstation -- in 1999. The company released
its second product, VMware ESX in 2001.
• VMware's current CEO is Patrick P. Gelsinger, appointed in 2012.
 VMWare Products
• VMware Vsphere is suite of virtualization products.
• It includes ESXi, vCenter Server, vSphere Client, vMotion
and more
• VMware NSX for networking
• VMware vRealize for create and manage hybrid cloud.
• VMware Cloud Foundation is an integrated software stack
that bundles Vsphere, VMware SAN and VMware NSX into
single platform through the SDDC Manager. SDDC Manager
for private and public cloud implementation.
 VMWare Products…
• VMware vSAN is for storage virtualization.
• VMware SRM (Site Recovery Manager) for disaster
recovery management product.
• Workspace ONE for administrator to control mobile devices
and cloud hosted virtual desktops and application from single
management platform.
• VMware AirWatch is an EMM (Enterprise Mobility
Management) software that enables an administrator to
deploy and manage mobile devices.
• VMware Fusion for virtualize Windows and Mac computers.
 Xen
• Xen is a hypervisor that enables the simultaneous creation,
execution and management of multiple virtual machines on one
physical computer.
• It was originated as a research project at Cambridge University
Computer Lab led by Ian Pratt (Senior Lecturer) and his PhD
student Keir Fraser.
• First version 1.0 released in 2003 by XenSource.
• XenSource is founded by Ian Pratt, Fraser and Cambridge alumni
Simon Crosby.
• XenSource was purchased by Citrix Systems in 2007.
• Now supported as an open-source product that has desktop, server,
and cloud capabilities (Amazon uses it for its cloud services.)
• Designed to support execution of Linux, other Unix-like systems
(Solaris, BSD), Windows simultaneously on the same platform
• Objective of original project: efficient hosting of up to 100 virtual
machines
 Xen Hypervisor
• Xen is primarily a bare-metal, type-1 hypervisor that can be
directly installed on computer hardware without the need for a host
operating system.
• Because it's a type-1 hypervisor, Xen controls, monitors and
manages the hardware, peripheral and I/O resources directly.
• Guest virtual machines request Xen to provision any resource and
must install Xen virtual device drivers to access hardware
components.
• Xen supports multiple instances of the same or different operating
systems with native support for most operating systems, including
Windows and Linux.
• Xen can be used on x86, IA-32 and ARM processor architecture.
Xen Architecture
 Xen Features
The following are key concepts of the Xen architecture:
• Full virtualization.
• Xen can run multiple guest OS, each in its on VM.
• Instead of a driver, lots of great stuff happens in the Xen daemon
(xend). Xen Daemon (xend) is Python program that run in dom0.
It is the central point of control fro managing virtual resources
across all the virtual machines.
 KVM (Kernel-Based Virtual
Machine)
• Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a free, open
source virtualization architecture for Linux distributions.
• KVM is a type-2 hypervisor (installed on top of another OS).
• However, it can run like a type-1 hypervisor and can provide the
power and functionality of even the most complex and powerful type-
1 hypervisors.
• KVM QUEMU (QUick EMUlation) to act as a fully type-2
hypervisor
• The KVM technology set was added to the Linux kernel in 2007,
after development by Qumranet, which became part of Red Hat in
2008.
• So, in the end, KVM is a hypervisor like Hyper-V or ESXi.  It is
flexible, powerful, extensible and developed continuously by a large
community of contributors who keep making it better and better.
 VirtualBox
• A VirtualBox or VB is a software virtualization package that
installs on an operating system as an application.
• VirtualBox allows additional operating systems to be installed on
it, as a Guest OS, and run in a virtual environment.
• In 2010, VirtualBox was the most popular virtualization software
application. Supported operating systems include Windows
XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, macOS X, Linux, Solaris, and
OpenSolaris.
• VirtualBox was originally developed by Innotek GmbH and
released in 2007 as an open-source software package. The
company was later purchased by Sun Microsystems. Oracle
Corporation now develops the software package and titles it
Oracle VM VirtualBox.
VirtualBox Emulated Environment
• VirtualBox can load multiple guest OSes under a single host
operating-system (host OS).
• Each guest can be started, paused and stopped independently
within its own virtual machine (VM). The user can independently
configure each VM and run it under a choice of software-based
virtualization or hardware assisted virtualization
• In the absence of hardware-assisted virtualization, VirtualBox
adopts a standard software-based virtualization approach. This
mode supports 32-bit guest OSs which run in rings 0 and 3 of the
Intel ring architecture.
• VirtualBox supports both Intel's VT-x and AMD's AMD-
V hardware-assisted virtualization.
 Hyper-V
• Hypervisor, also called a Virtual Machine Monitor, is a computer
software, hardware or firmware that creates and runs virtual
machines.
• Hyper V is a native hypervisor whose developer is Microsoft. It
was formally known as Windows Server Virtualization. Initially,
it was released with Windows Server 2008. It became available
without additional charge since Windows Server 2012 and
Windows 8.
• Hyper V is capable of creating virtual machines on x86-64
systems running Windows. Moreover, it is possible to configure a
server computer running Hyper V to expose individual virtual
machines to one or multiple networks.