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2023-Mechanical Properties of Materialsb
2023-Mechanical Properties of Materialsb
MATERIALS
• STRESS AND STRAIN
Force or load imposed on a material induce
stress and strain
Stress represents the intensity of the load
and is denoted by:
= F/A
is stress (N/m2)
F is the force (N)
A is the area (m2)
STATIC FORCES
• Described by three mutually perpendicular
stresses on a body;
• Uniaxial
• Bi-axial
• Tri-axial
It is important to match
this property to the
elongation of the material
20
MEASURE OF RESILIENCE AND
TOUGHNESS
• If area under the curve is large – it took
very large energy to fracture the material
• Resilience R = (pp)/2 =(p2)/2E
• = (0.22)/2E
• Toughness T = (2/3) u. F
TRUE STRESS STRAIN CURVES
• From the stress strain curve one can
conclude that the fracture stress is
lower than the ultimate tensile
strength
• This is because the calculated stress
is based upon the original area
• True stress differs significantly from
engineering stress especially in the
neighbourhood of the fracture point
TRUE STRESS TRUE STRAIN
• True strain = dtr = dl/l
– where l is the instantaneous length
• tr = lnl/l
• Consider the true stress strain curve
• The first part of the curve (1-2) describes
the elastic region.
• The relationship is described by Hooke’s
law tr = trE
• Plastic region entered after end of elastic
portion
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
CURVE
PLASTIC REGION
• An empirical relationship gives an
approximation – the Nadai’s relation
• tr = Ctrn
• Where C the characteristic deformation
resistance
• N is the strain hardening exponent
• C and n are found by taking two points in
the plastic region and performing a
logarithmic transition
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
• Consider two points P and Q in the
plastic region – not too close together
• trP = ctrPn
• trQ = ctrQn
• By taking logs on both sides c and n
can be found.
• E.g Ln trP = Lnc + nLn trP
• Ln trQ = Lnc + nLn trQ
STRAIN HARDENING
• The stress increases if the
specimen is strained in the plastic
region. This is called strain
hardening.
• Consider the ideal plastic
behaviour
TRUE STRAIN
• The definition of true strain is much better
than engineering strain
– True strain can be added
– tr= tr1 + tr2 + tr3 +…….+ tri
– Whereas e ≠ e1 + e2 + e3 +…..ei
• Suppose a specimen with original length
Lo is elongated to a length iLo and another
is compressed to a length Lo/I
• The value will be the same using true
strain definition and will be different when
engineering strain definition is used
• For very small elongations both definitions
result in same value.
• QUESTION ONE
1 0 0.0000
2 647 0.0125
3 1313 0.0250
4 1960 0.0375
5 2666 0.0500
6 3332 0.0625
7 3763 0.0750
8 4038 0.0875
9 4312 0.1000
10 4508 0.1130
11 4665 0.1250
12 4998 0.2500
13 5566 0.5000
14 6370 1.0000
15 7056 1.5000
16 7448 2.0000
17 7448 2.5000
18 6782 3.0000
19 6076 3.5000
20 5566 3.7500
HARDNESS AND HARDNESS
TESTING
• Hardness is a measure of resistance of a
metal to plastic deformation.
• It can be measured by its resistance to
scratching
HARDNESS MEASUREMENT
• The resistance to scratching is measured
by Moh’s hardness scale.
• The scratch resistance of a sample is
determined by comparing it to the scratch
resistance of one of the ten materials
numbered one up to ten.
• N=1 for Talc while n=10 for diamond
HARDNESS TESTS
• These involve indentation by a hard
indeter
• There are 4 common hardness tests
namely:
• Brinell Vickers
• Knoop Rockwell
• The hardness value provides an
indication of strength
HARDNESS TRESTING
TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES OF HARDNESS
TESTS