Ch2 Hardware Components

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Part 2
Chapter 2
Computer Systems and
Hardware Components
ITP3901 OPERATING SYSTEMS FUNDAMENTALS
(AY 2019/20)
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Computer System Overview
Computer System = Hardware + Software
 Hardware: physical components that make up a computer system.

Motherboards, monitors, printers, power supplies are all hardware.
 Software: a set of instructions (with related data) that directs a computer to
perform specific operations.
Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

ITP3901 Operating Systems Fundamentals
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Computer System Overview (Cont.)
Computer System = Hardware + Software
 The operating system (OS) is the software that controls functionality and
provides lower-level routines for application programs.
 Most operating systems provide functions to read and write data to files.

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Computer System Overview (Cont.)
 An operating system translates requests for operations on files into operations

that the disk controller can perform. The operating system helps the computer
perform four basic operations
Input / Output
Processing
Storage

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Personal computer
 The personal computer (PC) is one of the most common types of computer.

 PCs are versatile and with relatively low price.
 PCs are usually equipped with a case which is a plastic or metal enclosure called
case that houses most of the components
 Common hardware components inside the case include
 Motherboard
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Power Supply
 etc.

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Typical back panel layout

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Power Supply
 PCs have a power supply unit to convert high voltage alternating current
(AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power.
 UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
 One key component of a UPS is a battery to maintain power in the event of a
power outage.
 Note that most UPSs are not designed for long time power supply for PCs. Most
UPSs keep computers running from 5 to about 30 minutes after a power outage,
enabling the system to stop the currently running job and the shut down the
computer properly.

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Motherboard Power
Connector
Disk Drive Power

Connector
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Factors to Consider When Selecting a
Power Supply
Factor Rationale
CPU type Different CPUs require different voltages. For
example some AMD chips and motherboards
require more power than certain Intel chips and
vice versa.
Expandability If the power supply only has enough power to
supply the current CPU, motherboard, and
devices, there might not be enough power to
supply any upgrade to the system.

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Factors to Consider When Selecting a
Power Supply (Cont.)
Factors Rationale
Energy If the power supply has an efficiency rating. The higher
efficiency the rating, the lower the heat generated by the power
supply when converting voltage.
Fan type and The power supply must have a high-quality fan, because
Direction the fan is the primary source of airflow inside the case.
Some fans can change direction to allow air to be blown
directly on the CPU and to regulate the quality of the air
entering the case.

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Motherboard
The motherboard is also called the system board or the main board. Everything
else in the system plugs into, is controlled by, or depends on the motherboard to
communicate with other devices on the system. The system board is the largest
of the printed circuit boards. Every system has one. The system board generally
houses the following components:
 The CPU  The Complementary Metal-Oxide

 The controller circuitry Semiconductor (CMOS)
 The Bus  The other Read Only memory (ROM)
 The RAM  The BIOS chips
 The expansion slots for
 The support chips providing varied
additional boards
functionality
 The ports for external devices
Check out a modern motherboard user manual for the component layout. E.g. ASUS PRIME Z270A
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Motherboard Components
Components Description
Chipset A chip set is a set of chips on the motherboard that
(North Bridge + South Bridge) collectively controls the memory cache, external bus, and
some peripherals.
CPU interface The socket or slot that the CPU connects to on the
motherboard.
Expansion slots Receptacles on the motherboard that accept printed circuit
boards. All computers have expansion slots that allow
additional devices to be added.
Dip switches/jumpers
Used to change various aspects of how the motherboard is

configured.
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Motherboard Components (Cont.)
Components Description
I/O Ports Connectors for input and output devices controlled by
the main board.
Internal buses Channels for data to move between the devices attached
to the system, and to the CPU and its components.
Power supply The connection for the power supply that provides
socket power to the motherboard.
BIOS chip Provides the computer with the basic instructions to start
up and check the hardware fro errors
Battery Keeps system time and provides a way for the BIOS to
remember certain settings.
RAM sockets Connectors for inserting memory chips
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I/O Ports

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The Chipset
 A chipset is a set of chips on the motherboard that collectively controls

the memory cache, external bus, and some peripherals.
e.g. Intel Z390 Chip Set
CPU
AMD X570
North RAM
ISA PCI Bridge
Video RAM
Slot Slot
AMR
South IDE
PCI BUS Bridge
USB
Major Chipset Manufacturers: Intel, SiS, nVidia, ATI and ALi

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North Bridge and South Bridge
 The north bridge is the chipset on your motherboard used to control data
communication and control signals to and from the CPU, Memory,
Onboard Graphics / AGP Slot. These are the most important components
of your computer .
 The south bridge incorporates a number of different controller functions.
It looks after the transfer of data to and from the hard disk and all the
other I/O devices, and passes this data into the link channel which
connects to the north bridge. With the new motherboards it should also
handle PCI express slots. Also it manages USB and RAID controllers on
the board.

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ROM BIOS
 Basic Input Output System (BIOS) manages the startup process

(startup BIOS) and many basic I/O functions of the system (system
BIOS).
 BIOS manufacturer examples:
 American Megatrends Inc. (AMI)
 Phoenix Technologies
 IBM

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Different Types of PROM
 Three common types of Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) in

computers:
 EPROM
 EEPROM
 Flash ROM
 EPROM – ROM chips that can be erased and reprogrammed. Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM) is a special types of
programmable read-only memory that can be erased by shining ultraviolet light
through a clear windows on the top of chip.
 EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
(EEPROM) chips are erased using a higher-than-normal electric voltage instead
of ultraviolet light. (When the system BIOS or firmware is contained on
EERPOM, it can be upgraded (reprogrammed) by running special instructions.

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Different Types of ROM (Cont.)
 Flash ROM – Special EEPROM chips that have been developed as a

result of advancements in EEPROM technology. Flash ROM holds
the firmware, or BIOS in most new systems. It can be reprogrammed
under special software control. Upgrading the BIOS by running
special software is known as flashing. The BIOS implemented on a
Flash ROM is known as Plug and Play BIOS, and it supports Plug
and Play devices. These chips retain data when the computer is
powered down so information is permanently stored.
Firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data
stored in it.

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CMOS (Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor)
 A battery-powered storage chip located on the system board. It stores

the system startup configuration and parameters.
 CMOS stores the master configuration for all components in the
system.
 The CMOS chip has rewritable memory since the configuration data
can be changed or updated as the components or devices in the
computer are changed.

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CMOS – configuration parameters
 Boot Sequence
 Date / Time
 Type of Floppy Disk Drive / LS120
 Default display (e.g. VGA, DVI)
 RAM Wait State
 System Clock Rate / Bus Frequency Setting
 Hard Drive Type
 Microprocessor Type
 Core-to-Bus Speed Ratio
 Core Voltage Level
 …….

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CMOS – configuration parameters

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Major components:
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) – The ALU performs both arithmetic and
logical operations. Arithmetic operations are fundamental math operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations such as
AND, OR and XOR make comparisons and decisions, and these determine how a
program is executed (For modern CPU, it may have two or more ALU).
 Control Unit (CU) – The control unit instructs the rest of the computer system on
how to follow a program’s instructions. It directs the movement of data to and
from processor memory.
 Internal CPU Bus, which is responsible for data /control signal transfer between
the various units (e.g. ALU, registers and control unit).
 Registers, which are temporarily storage within the CPU (e.g. instructions and
data)

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CPU (Cont.)
 CPU is also referred to as processor.

 There are two major CPU architectures related to instruction sets:
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
 CISC uses a broad set of instructions. There are fewer steps per operation.
 RISC uses a relatively small set of instructions. RISC executes the
instructions rapidly.
Remark: Major manufacturers: Intel and AMD

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CPU (Cont.)
 Processor Socket Types / Slot Types

 It is a descriptive term for the way certain processor plug into a computer
motherboard so that the processor makes contact with the motherboard’s
built-in circuitry or data bus. e.g. socket R4 (for i9)
 Processor Speed Rating
 It is the specifications that indicate the maximum (reliable) operating
speed at which the CPU can execute instruction
 e.g. 3.0 GHz
Note: The CPU speed and the frequency of the clock signal are not
always at a one-to-one ratio. This is because the CPU can run at a much
higher speed than the other chips on the motherboard. A variable-
frequency synthesizer circuit, built into the motherboard circuit,
multiplies the clock signal so that the motherboard can support several
speeds of CPUs.

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Terminology for CPU
 System bus frequency or speed

 Faster than other buses; e.g., 1066 MHz, 800 MHz
 Processor frequency or speed
 Refers to speed of internal operations; e.g., 3.2 GHz
 System bus frequency x multiplier = processor frequency
 Overclocking: running processor at excessive speed
 Throttling: decreasing speed when overheating occurs
 Data path size and word size
 Data path: transports data into processor
 Word size: number of bits (e.g. 64-bit) processed in one operation

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Terminology for CPU (Cont.)
 Multiprocessing
 Simultaneous processing by two or more ALUs
 Multiprocessor platform
 Contains two or more processors
 Multi-core processor (Quad-core, 16-core, 64-core, …etc.)
 A single processor contains multiple cores for multithreading or
parallel operations. For most processor designs, the cores share
system bus, but have separate cache

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CPU Slot and Sockets
 A slot or socket is the physical connection used to attach the CPU to

the motherboard.
 The type of socket or slot supplied by the motherboard for the
processor must match that required by the processor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket

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Socket Examples
PGA Package
Socket: LGA 775Package
E8500 Processor
New Socket: R4
(FCLGA2066)
Supported
processors:
Core i9
Core i7
Core i5

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CPU Speed
 The CPU’s speed is the frequency at which it executes instructions.

This frequency is measured in millions of cycles per second, or
megahertz (MHz); or billions of cycles per second, or gigahertz
(GHz).
 The CPU has an internal and an external speed. The external speed
corresponds with the motherboard’s speed, based on its system
crystal. Each pulse (generated by system crystal in motherboard) is
called a clock tick. The CPU’s internal speed is usually a multiple of
that, so that multiple operations occur internally per clock tick.
 A CPU’s speed as described in its specifications is its internal speed.
(Note: Internal speed = Multiplier x External Speed)

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CPU Cache
 Each CPU has at least two caches: L1 and L2. The L1 cache is built
into the CPU on modern systems, each core usually has its own L1
cache. It is the front-side cache, where data waits to enter the CPU.
 The L2 cache, or back-side cache, is where data exiting the CPU waits.
On modern systems, the L2 cache is within the CPU’s packaging but
not integrated into the CPU’s die. On older systems, the L2 cache was
on a separate set of chips on the motherboard. You can compare one
CPU to another according to the size of its L1 and L2 caches.
 L3 cache is a shared cache in modern CPU design. It usually sits
between the CPU and RAM to optimize data transfer between them.
 Newer systems require higher performance also have an L4 cache.

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Overclocking
 In some system, the processor speed can be set higher than the rating
on chip; this called overclocking the chip.
 By overclocking, you are using the margin and running the chip
closer to its true maximum speed.
 Overclocking might enable you to get 10%-20% or more
performance from your system.

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Primary storage
 Examples of primary storage

device are RAM and Cache.
 The data in primary storage
are volatile which means that
the data are lost when the
computer is powered off.
 CPU can access data in
primary storage directly.
Intel® Core™ i7-1065G7 Processor spec

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Secondary storage
 Example of secondary storage device is hard disk

drive.
 The data in secondary storage are
non-volatile.
 Secondary storage is not directly accessible by CPU.
 A computer keeps its data for a longer time in
secondary storage.

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Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Random access memory (RAM) is the place in a computer where

the OS, application programs, and data in current use are kept so
that they can be quickly reached by the processor.
 RAM is considered temporary, or volatile memory.
 The more RAM a computer has, the more capacity the computer has
to hold and process large programs and files.

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Types of RAM
 There are two classes of RAM that are commonly used today.
These are Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
 SRAM is relatively more expensive, but it is fast and holds
data when the power is turned off for a brief period of time.
This is useful in such circumstances as an unexpected loss of
power. It is used for cache memory.
 DRAM is inexpensive and somewhat slow, and requires an
uninterrupted power supply to maintain the data. DRAM
stores data in tiny capacitor that must be refreshed to maintain
the data. Once the power is turned off, the data is lost.

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Types of DRAM
 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

 SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
 RDRAM (RAMBus DRAM)
 DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM)
 DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
 DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM)

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Comparison of DDR SDRAM
standards

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SDRAM
 DRAM is asynchronous to the clock signal and responds to the changes in

control inputs.
 SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory is synchronous to
the clock signal before responding to control inputs and is therefore
synchronized with the computer's system bus. The idea is that most of the
time the data needed by the CPU will be in sequence for pipelining to save
the time.
 DDR SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM is just
like SDRAM except transferring data on both the rising and falling edges
of the clock signal to improve performance.
 SDRAM is widely used in computers. Apart from the original SDRAM,
further generations of DDR (or DDR1), DDR2 and then DDR3 and DDR4
will dominate the PC main memory market.

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Support for DRAM
In order to get performance benefits from different types of DRAM,

the system must support it with an appropriate chip set and BIOS.
Essentially, speed enhancement depends in the types of chip set, the
speed of the processor bus and the speed of the memory.

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Cache Memory (Why cache can 41
improve the performance of the
system)
 Cache memory is intended to give memory speed approaching that of fastest
memories available.
 The size of cache is usually small (256KB ~ 16 MB)
 The cache contains a copy of portions of main memory.
 When the processor attempts to read a word of memory, a check is made to determine
if the word is in the cache.
Note: Because of the phenomenon of locality

of reference, when a block of data is fetched
into the cache to satisfy a single memory
reference, it is likely that future reference
will be to other words in the block.

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Levels of Memory Hierarchy
CPU
Faster
Cache
Primary Storage
Primary
Memory
Disk
Secondary Secondary Storage
Tape Slower

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Speed Comparison
CPU registers Fastest

Cache Memory Fast (L1, L2, L3, L4)
Conventional Memory Intermediate
Hard disk Slow
CD-ROM/DVD Slow
Floppy disk Slowest

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Level 1 Cache (Internal)
 The Level 1 cache, or primary cache, is on the CPU and is used for
temporary storage of instructions and data organized in blocks.
 Primary cache is the fastest form of storage. Because it's built in to the chip
with a zero wait-state (delay) interface to the processor's execution unit.
 Level 1 cache is implemented using Static RAM (SRAM). (This is
contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be refreshed many times
per second in order to hold its data contents).
 Modern CPU usually has a separate Level 1 cache for each core.

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Level 2 Cache
 Most PCs are offered with a Level 2 cache to bridge the processor/memory
performance gap. Level 2 cache - also referred to as secondary cache) uses
the same control logic as Level 1 cache and is also implemented in SRAM.
 Modern CPU usually has a separate Level 2 cache for each core.
 The aim of the Level 2 cache is to supply stored information to the
processor without any delay (wait-state).
 Some processors use a special transfer protocol called burst mode. (e.g.
transferring a 64-Byte cache line on a 16-Byte data path requires four times. A burst
cycle only indicates location at the first time that reduces addressing for latter
transfers, the speed is then improved. )

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Level 3 Cache
 A shared cache for frequently used data required

by multiple cores in modern CPU design.

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Permanent Storage
 Provides slower but much cheaper storage for the bulk data; non-volatile (i.e. it
keeps the data when power supply is off); a variety of devices are available:
 Magnetic (Hard disk) / Optical Disks (CDROM, DVD, Blu-ray, etc.)
 A magnetic disk ( Hard Disk ) is typically a circular platter with a
magnetizable coating.
 A no. of tracks are divided in concentric circles for recording information
 A CD-ROM disk is coated with a highly reflective metallic surface, most
common format allows about 775MB
 A digital video disk (DVD) usually holds 4.7GB
 A Blu-ray holds 25GB
 An Ultra HD Blu-ray holds 100GB

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Hard Disk Drive
Read/Write Heads
Platters
Spindle

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Track/Cylinder and Sector
 Track – A track is a concentric circle

around the disk where the outmost
track is track 0
 Cylinder – The track with the same

track number in each surface of platter
form a cylinder (i.e. the number of
cylinder must equal to the number of
track)
 Sector – Each track is split into

number of sectors. Sector size varies
in different disk models. For examples
512, 1024 or 4096 bytes per sector.

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Hard Disk Interface - ATA
The ATA interface are the most commonly used interface in PC.
However, there are different versions of ATA standard.
ATA / ATA-1 / IDE

 ATA is short for AT Attachment interface and also more commonly known
as IDE or ATA-1. ATA was approved as a standard on May 12, 1994 under
the ANSI document number X3.221-1994. ATA was first developed by
Control Data Corporation, Western Digital, and Compaq, ATA-1 utilizes a 8-
bit or 16-bit interface, has a transfer rates of up to 8.3MBps, Today ATA /
ATA-1 is now considered obsolete.

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ATA (Cont.)
ATA-5 / ATA/ATAPI-5
 ATA-5 is a standard approved by ANSI in 2000 under document NCITS
340-2000. ATA-5 adds support for Ultra-DMA/66, which is capable of
supporting data transfer rates of up to 66MBps, and has the capability of
detecting between 40 or 80-wire cables.
ATA-6 / ATA/ATAPI-6
 ATA-6 is a standard approved by ANSI in 2001 under document NCITS
347-2001. ATA-6 added support for Ultra-DMA/100, and had a transfer rate
of up to 100MBps.

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ATA (Cont.)
ATAPI
 Short for AT Attachment Packet Interface, ATAPI is an extension to ATA
which allows support for devices such as CD-ROM drives, Tape drives and
other computer peripherals and not just hard disk drives. Before the release
of ATA-4 or ATA/ATAPI-4, ATAPI was a separate standard from ATA.

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SATA (Serial ATA)
SATA 1.0 was first released in August 2001 and is a replacement for the
Parallel ATA interface used in PC.
 Serial ATA is capable of delivering 1.5Gbps (150MBps) of
performance to each drive within a disk array, offers backwards
compatibility for existing ATA and ATAPI devices, and offers a thin
small cable solution.
 This cable (max. length 1 metre) helps make a much easier cable
routing and offers better airflow in the computer when compared to
the earlier ribbon cables used with ATA drives.

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SATAII / SATA-300 /SATA-3G
/SATA 3.0
 Increasing server and multimedia demands require a more high speed for
hard drive.
 SATA-II / SATA-300 /SATA-3G with transfer rate of 3Gb/s.
 SATA also used for DVD/Blu-ray/CD drive connection.
 SATA 3.0 is the new standard of hard disk with transfer rate of 6Gb/s.
 SATA 3.4 introduced new features :
 Durable/ Ordered Write Notification
 Device Temperature Monitoring
 Device Sleep Signal Timing

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SATA
SATA Connectors

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SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface) /Ultra SCSI
 SCSI or Small Computer System Interface was completed in 1982.

 SCSI is a hardware bus similar in function of the IDE controller supporting
hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives and other peripherals. However unlike
IDE SCSI allows the support of up to eight devices and uses ID numbers 0
through 07.
 With the SCSI host adapter located on ID number 07 and boots from the ID
00. This leaves the availability of six device connections.

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SCSI Disk Types
 SCSI-1, was used by many Apple computers in the early 1980s. By

today’s standards it was rather slow.
 SCSI-2 uses two different signaling systems, known as single-ended
interface and differential interface. The two signaling systems are
incompatible and cannot be mixed on the same SCSI bus.
 SCSI-3 is a collection of standard. It support more device, longer
distance and higher speed. It use MicroD 68-pin connector
 SAS-1: 3Gbit/s
 SAS-2: 6Gbit/s
 SAS-3: 12Gbit/s
SAS connector
 SAS-4: 22.5Gbit/s
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Hard Disk Drive – Partition
 In order to place the operating system in hard disk, a disk address space of
blocks is divided into partitions.
 Partitions are similar to a whole disk in the fact that they consist of adjacent
block.
 For description of a partition it is necessary to specify the beginning of a
partition and its length in block
 A hard disk can contain 4 primary partitions
 Partition contain a file system which is a system of block marking for file
storage. After creation of a file system on a partition and after files of
operating system are placed , the partition becomes a boot one.
 Information on a hard disk partitioning is kept in the first block of a hard
disk called the Master Boot Record (MBR)

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Solid-state Drive (SSD)
 A data storage
device using integrated
circuit assemblies as memory to
store data persistently
 No moving (mechanical)
components
 More resistant to physical
shock, run silently, have
lower access time, and
less latency but more expensive
than traditional hard disk

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CDROM (Compact Disc Read-Only
Memory)
 A laser is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of
pits and lands.
 This pattern of changing intensity of the reflected beam is converted into
binary data.
 Ref: How CDROM works (0:33)

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CDROM Drive Speed Ratings
CDROM Drive Rating Data Transfer Rate
2X 300 KBps / Second

4X 600 KBps / Second
8X 1.2 MBps / Second


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DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
 DVD is an optical disc technology that is expected to rapidly replace

CDROM disc.
 The DVD holds 4.7 GB of information on one of its two sides
 With two layers on each of its two sides, it will hold up to 17 GB of video,
audio or other information).

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DVD Types
 There are five physical formats of DVD:

 DVD-ROM is a high-capacity data storage medium
 DVD-Video is a digital storage medium for feature-length motion pictures
 DVD-Audio is an audio-only storage format similar to CD-Audio
 DVD-R offers a write-once, read-many storage format akin to CD-R
 DVD-RAM was the first rewritable (erasable) flavour of DVD to come to market
and has subsequently found competition in the rival DVD-RW and DVD+RW
format.

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DVD Capacity
With the same overall size as a standard 120mm diameter, 1.2mm thick CD,
DVD discs provide up to 17GB of storage with higher than CD-ROM transfer
rates and similar to CD-ROM access times and come in four versions:
 DVD-5 is a single-sided single-layered disc boosting capacity seven-fold to 4.7GB
 DVD-9 is a single-sided double-layered disc offering 8.5GB
 DVD-10 is a 9.4GB dual-sided single-layered disc
 DVD-18 will increase capacity to a huge 17GB on a dual-sided dual-layered disc.

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Recordable DVD
 There are different (incompatible) recording formats.

 DVD-RW and DVD+RW are both very popular.
 DVD+RW supported by Microsoft
Which (DVD-R/RW or DVD+R/RW) one is better?

Read the following article:
http://www.dvdplusrw.org/Article.asp?mid=0&sid=3&aid=12

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Blu-ray Disc (BD)
 Digital optical disc data storage format designed to supersede

the DVD format
 Blue laser is used to read the disc
 Information is stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-
wavelength red laser used for DVDs
 Capable of storing high-definition video resolution (1080p)
 Contains 25 GB per layer
 Ultra HD Blu-ray contains up to 100GB

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Removable Media – Flash Memory
Devices
 Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that is divided into blocks
rather then byte.
 Flash memory is also used in most recent computers for BIOS chips.
Different Types of Flash Memory Devices
ATA Flash MicroSD
Compact Flash (CF) Memory Stick
SmartMedia (SM) Memory Stick PRO
Multimedia Cards (MMC) Memory Stick PRO Duo
Reduced Size MMC (RS-MMC) xD-Picture Card
Secure Digital (SD) USB flash
MiniSD

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Tapes Drives
 Tape drives are most commonly used as the device for data backup on a
network server disk drive.
 There are a variety of tape devices that use different tape formats for storing
data.

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Roles of the Operation System
 An operating system (OS) is needed to manage all the computer

hardware and software resources
 The OS also provides common services for user computer programs

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70
OS Support
 The Windows Task Manager is a

very handy system utility that lists
the applications and processes that
are running.
 It shows system resource usage,
various performance statistics and
network information.

Components
71
OS Support
 In Windows, the device manager keeps a listing of all the hardware devices
on your computer. It is the best tool to use for troubleshooting hardware
problems.

Components
72
Energy-efficient computers
 It is not only wasting money but also an environmental issue if we do not

use energy-efficient computers.
Read the following article:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/su
stainable/5-energy-efficient-computers.htm

Components
73
Hazardous materials in computers
 Mercury, phosphors and lead in monitor

 Toners and inks in printer
 Beryllium in motherboard
 Mercury and lead in circuit board

Components
74
Disposal of hazardous materials in
computers
 Contact the manufacturers and ask if they will take back the outdated
computer equipment.
 Contact the nonprofit organizations to see if they are interested in the
outdated computer equipment.
 Search the collector or recycler in the website of Environmental Protection
Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region
 http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/guide_ref/
guide_ref_dwc.html

Components

Ch2 Hardware Components

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1

Computer System = Hardware + Software

 Hardware: physical components that make up a computer system.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Computer System = Hardware + Software

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 An operating system translates requests for operations on files into operations

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 The personal computer (PC) is one of the most common types of computer.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Disk Drive Power

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 The CPU  The Complementary Metal-Oxide

Used to change various aspects of how the motherboard is

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 A chipset is a set of chips on the motherboard that collectively controls

Major Chipset Manufacturers: Intel, SiS, nVidia, ATI and ALi

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Basic Input Output System (BIOS) manages the startup process

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Three common types of Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) in

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Flash ROM – Special EEPROM chips that have been developed as a

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 A battery-powered storage chip located on the system board. It stores

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 CPU is also referred to as processor.

Remark: Major manufacturers: Intel and AMD

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Processor Socket Types / Slot Types

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 System bus frequency or speed

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 A slot or socket is the physical connection used to attach the CPU to

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 The CPU’s speed is the frequency at which it executes instructions.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Examples of primary storage

Intel® Core™ i7-1065G7 Processor spec

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Example of secondary storage device is hard disk

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 Random access memory (RAM) is the place in a computer where

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

 DRAM is asynchronous to the clock signal and responds to the changes in

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

In order to get performance benefits from different types of DRAM,

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems and Hardware

Note: Because of the phenomenon of locality