Respiration

By:
Mohamed Soliman
Motaz Ben Sufia
Islam Othman
Akrem Ben Khalifa

Under Supervision Of:

•Mr. Eslam Eltayeb
What is Respiration?

• Respiration is the controlled release of

energy from food which is usually in
the form of Glucose. There are 2 types
of respiration :

• Internal  Respiration
• External  Respiration                                     
       
 Internal Respiration is the controlled release of
energy from food using oxygen. The food

What are the involved is usually glucose.

two types of
Respiration?
External Respiration is the process by which
organisms exchange gases with the environment.
It takes place in the lungs of mammals
(humans), through the gills in various types of
aquatic animals, and through stomata for
plants.
 Role of Enzymes in
Internal Respiration
• Internal respiration is
controlled by Enzymes. They
allow energy to be released
in small amounts which can
be easily trapped for later
use. The energy is stored in
the form of ATP (Adenosine
Tri Phosphate).
Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobic respiration: The
controlled release of energy
from food with the use of
oxygen. It requires oxygen,
and is a 2 stage process.
 Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobes : Living things that get energy from
aerobic respiration.

The word and chemical equations for aerobic respiration : 

•  C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
•  Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy 
Glycolysis
• Both types share stage 1, which is known as glycolysis. (Breaking down of
glucose)

• This process occurs in the cytosol of the cell. Glucose (6 carbon molecule)
is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid or pyruvate (3 carbon).

• Glycolysis barely releases any energy and is inefficient as an energy-

release system. Glucose is partially broken down. 25% of energy released
is used to form high energy carriers, and 75% is retained in the pyruvic
acid.
 • If oxygen is available, the body resorts to
aerobic respiration, which starts stage 2.
• Stage 2: The pyruvate will enter the
mitochondria and start stage 2. It occurs
in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria. It is where energy is
formed. Pyruvic acid loses a CO2
molecule and is converted to Acetyl CoA
(Acetyl coenzyme A), which is C2H6O1.
Acetyl CoA enters a chain of reactions,
known as the KREBS cycle.

Stage 2
 Krebs Cycle

Pyruvic acid releases

energy in a number of
These combine with NAD+ + 2e- + H+ = NADH.
steps in the form of high
NAD+ and a H+ to form       ADP + P = ATP +
energy electrons (e+). The
NADH. Energy.
Pyruvate loses 2
electrons. (2 e­)
Aerobic
Respiration
Electron Transport System

The electron transport system As the molecules pass from

 Each electron transport
is located in the inner molecule to molecule within
system consists of a number of
membrane of each system they lose some of
molecules mostly proteins.
the mitochondria. their energy.

 The electron transport system

At the end of each system, the
 Some of the energy released cannot work in the absence of
low-energy electrons are
by the electrons is used to oxygen this is because there is
removed by combining them
form ATP, the rest is lost as no oxygen at the end of the
with oxygen and hydrogen to
heat. system to remove low energy
form water.
electrons. 
Electron Transport System
 Anaerobic Respiration

• 1. The stage 1 reactions start with glycolysis. (As mentioned in

slide 8.) It then starts the process of fermentation.
In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid is converted into either:
● Lactic acid
● Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
• 2. Both of these forms of anaerobic respiration
are called fermentation (no further ATP is produced.)
• 3. In each case the two NADH molecules break down to release
two electrons and a proton. 
• 4. The reactions in lactic acid fermentation and the ethanol
fermentation are stage 1 reactions. They take place in the
cytosol and do not involve the electron transport system.
Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
• When a muscle runs out of the sufficient amount of oxygen, it switches to
anaerobic respiration in place of aerobic. This fuels the cells. Lactic acid builds-
up in the muscle and causes cramps and stiffness. At rest, the lactic acid
returns to the liver through the blood.
• Glucose => 2 lactic acid + a small amount of energy
Alcohol Fermentation
• This is another form of anaerobic respiration. It takes place in bacteria, fungi
(yeast) and in plants. It is the partial breakdown of glucose.
• Glucose => 2 ethanol + 2 Carbon Dioxide + small amount of energy.
- Fermentation
Bio-Technology
• Biotechnology refers to the exploitation of
micro-organisms for industrial purposes.
Micro-organisms are exploited genetically to
allow them to grow at rapid speeds and to
allow them to grow identical plants. 

• Bio-technology is also used to create new

products such as antibiotics, vaccines and
drugs.
Alcohol Fermentation

•This experiment is carried out to produce alcoholic

beverages,
•Firstly, prepare a glucose solution by adding 5g of glucose
powder to 100 cm3 of lukewarm water.
•Boil the solution for approximately 5 minutes in a conical
flask full of water allowing gases to be eliminated from the
solution forming an anaerobic environment.
•Let the solution cool down then add 5g of dried yeast. The
yeast has to be dried to prevent any gases from existing
inside the yeast.
•Cover the liquid in the flask in oil preventing any further
oxygen from entering.
Set the apparatus as follows:
•The carbon dioxide formed from in the fermentation will
turn the limewater (found in the other conical flask acting
as a control), forms a clear colour to a milky one
•To identify if alcohol is produced potassium
dichromate(K2Cr2O7) is added and if the experiment turns
out successful, it’ll turn from orange to green indicating
the presence of alcohol.
Thank you all for listening.