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Chapter 1
Lecture Outline

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 1.1 The Diversity of Life
• Biology is the study of living things, the science of life.
• Living things are diverse.
• Living things with similar features are grouped into the
same kingdom.
• Members of different kingdoms are usually very
different from each other.

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 1.2 Properties of Life-1
What qualifies something as “living” versus “nonliving?”
Consider these points:
• Complexity.
• Movement.
• Response to stimulation.

A life-defining property must be exclusive to living

things.

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 1.2 Properties of Life-2
1. Cellular organization.
• All living things are comprised of at least one cell.

2. Metabolism.
• All living things process energy which is used to power other
processes.

3. Homeostasis.
• All living things maintain relatively stable internal environments
to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes.

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 1.2 Properties of Life-3
4. Growth and reproduction.
• All organisms have the capacity for growth and
reproduction.

5. Heredity.
• All organisms pass genetic information to future
generations from parents to offspring.

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 1.3 The Organization of Life—Levels of
Organization
Living things function and interact with each
other on many levels.
The organization of life is a hierarchy of levels of
increasing complexity.
• Cellular.
• Organismal.
• Populational.

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 Figure 1.4a: Levels of Organization—Cellular

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 Figure 1.4b: Levels of Organization—
Organismal

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 Figure 1.4c: Levels of Organization—Populational

Canada geese: ©Ron Rowan Photography/Shutterstock; Canadian goose: ©kb244/Getty Images;

Canada geese: ©Ron Rowan Photography/Shutterstock; Sandhill cranes/Canada geese: ©Cal Sport
Media/Alamy; Sandhill crane: ©Saddako/Getty Images; Sandhill cranes/ Canada geese: ©Cal Sport
Media/Alamy; Sandhill cranes/Canada geese: ©Cal Sport Media/ Alamy

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 1.3 Organization of Life—Emergent Properties
At higher levels of the hierarchy of life, new properties
become apparent that were absent at the lower levels.
These emergent properties result from the interaction of
diverse but simpler components.
Many higher order processes that are hallmarks of life
are emergent properties.
• Metabolism.
• Consciousness.

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 1.4 Biological Themes-1
• The study of life is organized around general
themes.
• 5 biological themes emerge repeatedly at any
hierarchical level of biological study.

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 1.4 Biological Themes-2
1. Evolution.
• Evolution is genetic change in a species over time.
• The mechanism for evolution is natural selection.
• The diversity of life is explained by evolutionary processes.

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 1.4 Biological Themes-3
2. The Flow of Energy.
• All living things require energy.
• Energy from the sun flows through the living world.
• Organisms acquire energy in different ways.
• How much energy is available determines how many and what
kinds of organisms can live together in an ecosystem.

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 1.4 Biological Themes-4
3. Cooperation.
• As energy and other resources are limiting, many organisms
have evolved cooperation as a means of survival.
• Symbiosis describes when two species live in direct contact.

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 1.4 Biological Themes-5
4. Structure Determines Function.
• Evolution favors structures that function in an adaptive manner.
• Many structures are specialized for a particular function.
• The convergence of structure and function occurs at all levels of
the organizational hierarchy.

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 1.4 Biological Themes-6
5. Homeostasis.
• Homeostasis is a physiological condition of “steady-state.”
• The internal environment of organisms is relatively stable.
• Organisms act to control their internal environments so that the
complex processes of metabolism function efficiently.

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 1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation-1
• Biology is a dynamic science with new ideas
appearing and replacing old ones.
• Scientists systematically conduct experiments to
evaluate hypotheses about observed
phenomena.

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 1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation-2
The scientific process has six stages.

1. Observation.
• Science begins with careful observation of natural phenomena.

2. Hypothesis.
• Scientists make an educated guess that might be true.
• Often scientists formulate multiple ideas about a phenomenon;
these are called alternative hypotheses.

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 1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation-3
3. Predictions.
• If a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences
can be expected.

4. Testing.
• Scientists conduct experiments to attempt to verify
predictions made by hypotheses.

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 1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation-4
5. Controls.
• Experiments usually employ a parallel design.
• Scientists use a control to assess the influence of potential
factors, called variables.
• Conditions stay the same in the control in comparison to the
variable condition.

6. Conclusion.
• A hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is
tentatively accepted.

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 Figure 1.5: The Scientific Process

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 1.6 Theory and Certainty-1
The term “theory” means different things to
different audiences.
• To scientists.
• A theory represents certainty and is a unifying explanation for
a broad range of observations.
• To the general public.
• A theory may imply a lack of knowledge or a guess.

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 1.6 Theory and Certainty-2
Scientists’ acceptance of theory is provisional.
• The possibility always remains that future evidence will
cause a theory to be revised.

The process of science is not just trial-and-error

but involves judgment and intuition.

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 1.6 Theory and Certainty-3
Science has limitations.
• It is limited to organisms and processes that can
be observed and measured.
• Supernatural and religious phenomena are beyond
the scope of science.
• There are also practical limits.
• Science cannot be relied upon to solve all problems.

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 1.7 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science
1. The Cell Theory.
2. The Gene Theory.
3. The Theory of Heredity.
4. The Theory of Evolution.

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 1.7 The Cell Theory
• All organisms are composed of at least one cell.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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 1.7 The Gene Theory
• Genetic information is encoded in molecules of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
• Genes encode specific proteins or RNA or act to
regulate other genes.
• The proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes
determine what it will be like in terms of form and
function.

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 Figure 1.10: The Gene Theory

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 1.7 The Theory of Heredity
Genes are passed down generations as discrete units.
• Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise to the field of
genetics.
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance located
Mendelian genes on chromosomes.

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 1.7 The Theory of Evolution—Common Ancestry

All living organisms are related to one another in a

common tree of descent.
• The six kingdoms of life are grouped into three domains.

Theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of

life.

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 Figure 1.12: The Three Domains of Life

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 1.7 The Theory of Evolution-Natural Selection
Charles Darwin attributed evolution to natural selection.
• Organisms best able to respond to the challenges of living will leave
more offspring, thus their traits become more common in the
population.

Scientists have been able to identify changes in individual

genes that are responsible for differences among
individuals.

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 Figure 1.13: The Theory of Evolution

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