DMHS PRAYER

Dearest Father , advocate of wisdom and

goodness accept our thanksgiving and
heartfelt desire for forgiveness for our
sins against you and our neighbor.
Mold us to be the best that we can be and
guard our thoughts from wandering into
distractions that might rob us of precious
times and energy from most important
things you have planned for us .
Help us to keep our hearts pure and
undivided so that we may constantly
offer to do good deeds , think good
thoughts and speak good words to
our fellowmen
Strengthen our faith and love as we continue
to become a living example of your goodness
and truthfulness in our school and community

All these we pray in your mighty name , Amen.

21 Century Literature
st

in the Philippines and

the World
 21st Century Literature from
the Philippines and the World
The learner will be able to understand
and appreciate the elements and
contexts of 21st century Philippine
literature from the regions.
1 •a written close analysis and critical
interpretation of a literary text in terms
of form and theme, with a description of
its context derived from research

• an adaptation of a
2 text into other
creative forms
using multimedia.
 The Geographic ,
Linguistics and Ethnic LESSON
Dimensions of
Philippines History
from Pre-Colonial to the
Contemporary
1.Identify the geographic, linguistic and
ethnic dimensions of Philippine history
from the pre-colonial to the contemporary

2.Compare and contrast the literary from

pre-colonial up to the contemporary

3.Distinguish the different themes during

a certain period LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
 What is Literature
*is the total preserved writings to a
given language or people
*Consists of those writings which interprets the
meanings of nature and life in words of charms and
powers touched with the personality of the author
in artistic forms of permanent interest.
 Creative
imagination

letters written

Literature

litera spoken

poetry, drama, fiction, non-fiction, and in some

occasions, journalism.
Literature
I. Pre-Colonial Period (B.C. – 1564)
 indigenous peoples
engaged in healthy
trade with various
cultures and economies
in the region
A. Characteristics

1. Based on oral tradition

2. Crude on ideology and
phraseology
3. Consisted of both written and
oral literature
4. Language of oral literature
was the language of daily life.
5. Earliest alphabet (Alibata),
of Asokan origin, consisted of
17 letters (3 vowels + 14
consonants).
B. Literature

1.Oral Literature
2.Folk songs
3.Folk Tales
1.Oral Language
sometimes called spoken
language, includes speaking
and listening—the ways that
humans communicate with
one another.
1.Oral Language
a. Bugtong (Riddles) – a
puzzling question to be solved
or guessed.
1.Oral Language
b. Salawikain (proverbs) –
witty sayings using metaphors
aimed at teaching virtues.
1.Oral Language
c. Tanaga – a mono-riming
heptasyllabic quatrain
expressing insights and
lessons.
2.Folk songs
a. Hele/ Uyayi – a lullaby
b. Kumintang – a war song
c. Harana – serenade
d. Diona/Ihiman – wedding song
e. Talindaw – boating song
f. Balitaw – love song
3.Folk Tales
a. Myths – explain how the world was
created and other phenomena
b. Legends – explain the origin of
things
c. Epics – narratives revolving around
supernatural events or heroic deeds
 Legends

Myths Epic
C.Notable Works
1. Biag ni Lam-ang – an epic centered
on the life and adventures of Ilocos folk
hero named Lam-ang
2. Hinilawod – an epic from Panay
which recounts the exploits of three
Sulodnon demigod brothers
II. Colonial Period (1565-1863)
The Spanish colonial period of
the Philippines began when
explorer Ferdinand Magellan
came to the islands in 1521 and
claimed it as a colony for the
Spanish Empire. The period
lasted until the Philippine
Revolution in 1898.
A. Characteristics

1. It has two distinct

classifications: religious and
secular.
2. Spanish became the medium
of communication.
3. The alibata was replaced
by the Roman script.
4. The Filipinos were
introduced to an education
system
B. Literature
1. Early colonial literature was
limited to religious topics.
2. Filipinos were introduced to
religious materials such as prayer
books, novenas, doctrines,
crucifixion, and the lives of saints.
3. The once highly imaginative folk
narratives were replaced by sober
and religious writings.
4. Poetry developed in form and
structure but the religious
undertones were evident
5. The epics were overshadowed by
the emergence of awit (heroic
poem) and the corrido (legendary
religious poem).
6. Early forms of Philippine drama
during the Spanish colonial period
were the duplo and the Karagatan.
7. More popular dramas were later
introduced such as the cenaculo
(reenactment of life and sufferings
of Christ), the moro-moro (a play
about the conflict between
Christians and Muslims), and the
zarzuela (music comedy).
C.Notable Works
1. Gaspar Aquino de Belen’s “Ang
Mahal na Passion ni Jesucristong
Panginoon Namin”, an outstanding
Christian narrative poem intended
by the religious authorities to
replace the heathen epics.
C.Notable Works
2. Bernardo Carpio – a
myth about the legendary
strongman of Montalban
C.Notable Works
3. Ibong Adarna – a corrido
about the mythical bird with
healing powers and the three
brothers in the quest for the
magical bird.
C.Notable Works
4. Florante and Laura – an
awit on the struggle and love
of the Duke Florante and
Princess Laura of Albania.
III. Revolutionary Period (1864-1910)

Revolutionary period in our

Philippine literary journey
marked a drastic period of
inflamed emotions and fiery
rhetoric on the account of
achieving freedom from the
shackles of tyranny
A. Characteristics

1. Planted seen of nationalism.

2. Language shifted from
Spanish to Tagalog.
3. Addressed the masses instead
of the elites.
B. Literature
1. Propaganda Literature – reformatory in
objective
a. Political essays – Satires, editorials and
news articles were written to expose the
evils of Spanish rule.
b. Political novels – Rizal’s novels were
meant to awaken the minds of the Filipinos.
C.Notable Works
1. Diariong Tagalog founded
by Marcelo H. del Pilar
2. La Solidaridad – the
famous publication by the
propagandists
C.Notable Works
3. Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, two novels
written by jose Rizal that
paved the way to the
revolution.
C.Notable Works
4. El Verdadero Decalogo
(The True Decalogue)
Apolinario Mabini’s literary
masterpiece which aims to
propagate nationalism.
IV. Post-Colonial Period – American
Regime (1910-1912)
covers the period of
American rule in the
Philippines and began
with the outbreak of the
Spanish-American War in
April 1898
A. Characteristics
1. English was introduced in the
second decade of the 20th
Century.
2. Literary works were written in
three languages – Tagalog,
Spanish and English.
A. Characteristics

3. More Filipino writers

emerged and free verses,
plays and critical essays.
A. Characteristics
4. Philippine literature became
commercialized in the 1920’s
when weekly magazine
Liwayway and Bisaya
published stories.
A. Characteristics
5. Most literary works
centered on nationalism, love
for country, sense of
belongingness, loss of identity,
and heroism.
B. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1912)
1. Filipino writers imitated
English and American models.

2. Poems written during the

period were amateurism and
mushy.
C. Period of Emergence (1920-1942)
1. Highly influenced by Western
literary trends like Romanticism
and Realism.

2. Literary works were carefully

and intelligently crafted.
D. Notable Works
1. Child of Sorrow by Zoilo Galang,
the first Philippine novel in English.

2. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez

Benitez, the first short story in English
written in the country
 D. Notable Works
3. Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia
Villa, one of the early short stories during
the period which tackles a delicate subject
matter on teenage marriage.

4. Ninay, the very first Filipino novel

written in Tagalog.
V. Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)
The Japanese occupation of the
Philippines occurred between 1942
and 1945, when Imperial Japan
occupied the Commonwealth of the
Philippines during World War II.
The invasion of the Philippines
started on 8 December 1941, ten
hours after the attack on Pearl
Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, American
aircraft were severely damaged in
the initial Japanese attack.
A. Characteristics

1.Tagalog writers started to

write in simple language and
free verse.

2. Fiction prevailed over poetry.

A. Characteristics
3. The Japanese censured all
publications, except Tribune and
Philippine Review.

4. The Japanese language Nipponggo

was introduced but not well-embraced
by Filipinos.
B. Literature
1. Writers were exposed to new literary
forms such as Haiku and Tanka.
a. Haiku – a free verse of Japanese origin,
with 17 syllables divided into three lines (5-
7-5).
b. Tanka – similar to Haiku but with 31
syllables divided into five lines (5-7-5-7-7)
B. Literature
B. Literature
2. Many Filipino writers wrote plays,
poems, short stories, etc. in Tagalog and
other vernacular language.

3. Topics and themes were often life in the

provinces to escape Japanese control and
censorship
C.Notable Works
1. Suyuan sa Tubigan by Macario
Pineda
2. Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso
Reyes
3. Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa by
Liwayway Arceo
VI. Liberation Period (1945-1960)
The assault on the
island of Leyte on 20
October 1944, toward
the end of World War II,
marked the beginning
of the reconquest of the
Philippines.
A. Characteristics
1. Filipino writers mastered English and
familiarized themselves with diverse
literary techniques.
2. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction,
drama and essay.
3. Journalistic and literary criticism
emerged.
B. Literature
1. Literary “giants” appeared like Nick
Joaquin, NVM Gonzales, Bienvenido
Santos, and Gilda Cordero Fernando
among others.

2. Literary guilds and awards were

established to honor outstanding works.
B. Literature
3. Common themes focused on
search for identity,
homesickness, rural life and
conditions in rural community.
C.Notable Works
1. Wedding Dance by Amador Daguio
which dwells on love and marriage
among local ethnic people.

2. Children of the City by Amadis Ma.

Guerrero which centers on an
abandoned child in the streets of Manila.
C.Notable Works
3. The Day the Dancers
Came by Bienvenido Santos
which talks about
homesickness of an
expatriate.
VII. Modern Period (1960-1999)
The presidency
of Ferdinand
Marcos (1965–
1986)
A. Characteristics
1. The declaration of Martial Law
repressed Filipino writers to write
delicate subject matters, particularly
about prevailing crisis during the period.

2. Writers used symbolisms and

allegories to drive home their message.
A. Characteristics
3. Theater was used as a vehicle for
protest such as the PETA and UP
Theater.

4. Campus newspapers showed

rebellious emotions.
A. Characteristics
5. Bilingual education was
initiated in public and private
schools.

6. From 80’s onward, writers

continued dynamism and
B. Literature
1. The irreverence for the poor reached
its peak during this period.

2. The Carlos Palanca Awards continued

to give annual awards to literary
masterpieces.
B. Literature
3. Almost all themes in most writings
dealt with the development of progress
of the country.
4. Themes of most poems dealt with
patience, regard for native culture,
customs, and the beauties of nature and
surroundings.
B. Literature
5. The government led in
reviving old plays and
dramas.
C.Notable Works
1. Dekada 70 by Lualhati Bautista which
focuses on the life of Filipinos during the
Martial Law regime

2. The Rosales Saga by F. Sionil Jose

C.Notable Works
3. The Flowers of May by
Francisco Arcellana
VIII. The 21st Century (1960-1999)
The 21st (twenty-first)
century is the current
century in the Anno
Domini era or
Common Era, under
the Gregorian
calendar
A. Characteristics
1. Themes have changed from
sentimentalized romanticism to a more
realistic and naturalistic delineation.

2. Gay and lesbian literature came out.

3. Strong feminist tendencies are evident.

A. Characteristics

4. More social problems tackled.

5. TV and films have become

more popular
B. Literature
1. Daring and controversial
choice of subject matter.

2. Very innovative in
structure and style.
B. Literature
3. Influence of different-isms and
literary trends from the West.

4. Characters, plot structure and

narrative techniques are more
complex
C.Notable Works
1. Ladlad by Danton Remoto chronicles
the lifestyle of gays and dilemma they
encounter in life.
2. Women Loving: Stories and a Play by
Jhoanna Lynn Cruz, an anthrology of
lesbian-themed stories.
C.Notable Works
3. Twisted Series by Jessica
Zafra, a collection of essays about
current events, technology, and
life in the society.