DEFINITION OF TERMS

• ANATOMY
– Describes the structures of the body
• What they are made of
• Where they are located
• Associated structures
• Physiology
– The study of
• Functions of anatomical structures
• Individual and cooperative functions
• Human Anatomy

– Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines

large, visible structures
• Surface anatomy: exterior features
• Regional anatomy: body areas
• Sectional anatomy: cross sections
• Systemic anatomy: organ systems
• Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
• Developmental anatomy: from conception to adulthood
including embryology.
 Human Anatomy
– Microscopic anatomy examines cells and
molecules
• Cytology: study of cells
• Histology: study of tissue
 Human Physiology
• Cell Physiology: functions of
cells
• Organ Physiology: functions of
specific organs
• Systemic Physiology: functions
of organ system
• Pathological physiology: effects
of diseases on organs or
systems.
Levels of Organizations

Chemical level
Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
Molecules consists of groups of atoms (ex.
Proteins, Complex molecules from larger
structures called organelles. Organelles have
specific functions in cells)

Cellular level
Cells are the smallest living units in the body
Levels of Organizations

Tissue level
A tissue is a group of cells working together

Organ level
Organs are made of two or more tissues
working together
 Anatomical Terminologies
• Surface anatomy
– Locating structures on or near the body
surface
• Anatomical Landmarks
– Anatomical Position: hands at sides, palms
forward
– Supine: lying down, face up
– Prone: lying down, face down
 Anatomical Terminology
• Anatomical regions
– Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Anatomical directions
– Reference terms based on subjects
 Anatomical Terminology
• Sectional anatomy
– A section is a slice through a three-
dimensional object used to visualize internal
organization.
 Anatomical Terminology
• Sectional plane
– A single view along a two-dimensional flat
surface
– Frontal (coronal plane)
• Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and
posterior portions
• A cut in this plane is frontal section (coronal
section).
 Anatomical Terminology
• Sectional Plane
– Sagittal plane
• Vertical plane dividing body into left and right portions
• A cut in this plane is a sagittal section
• Midsagittal plane lies in the middle
• Parasagittal plane is offset from the middle
– Transverse plane divides body into superior
and inferior portions
• A cut in this plane is called a transverse section
(cross section)
 Body Cavities
• Essential functions of body cavities
1. Protect organs from shocks and impacts
2. Permits significant in size and shape of internal
organs
• Ventral body cavity
– Divided by the diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Body cavities contain viscera (internal organs)
 BODY CAVITIES
• Serous membrane (serosa)
– Lines body cavities and covers organs
– Consists of parietal and visceral layers
• Parietal serosa lines cavity
• Viceral serosa covers organ
 Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity
– Right and left pleural cavities
• Contain right and left lungs
– Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus and thymus (suppor)
• Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
– The heart is located within the pericardial cavity
 Body Cavities
• Abdominopelvic cavity
– Peritoneal cavity – chamber
within abdominopelvic cavity
• Parietal peritoneum lines the
internal body wall
• Visceral peritoneum covers the
organs.
Body Cavities
– Abdominal Cavity –
superior portion
• Diaphragm to top of pelvic
bones
• Contains digestive organs.
– Pelvic Cavity – inferior
portion
• Medial to pelvic bones
• Contains reproductive organs,
rectum, and bladder
 HOMEOSTASIS
• All body systems work together to
maintain a stable internal environment
– Systems respond to external and internal
changes to keep variables within normal
ranges (body temperature, fluid balance)
 HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostatic regulation
– Autoregulation
• Automatic response in a cell, tissue or organ to an
environmental change
– Extrinsic regulation
• Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine
systems
 HOMEOSTASIS
• A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists
of
1. Receptor
Receives the stimulus
2. Control center
• Processes the signal and sends instructions
3. Effector
• Carries out instructions
• Limits fluctuations of internal conditions to keep
them close to a set point or desired value
 NEGATIVE AND POSTIVE
FEEDBACK
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
– The response of the effectors negates the
stimulus
– Body is brought back into homeostasis
• Normal range is maintained.
 NEGATIVE AND POSTIVE
FEEDBACK
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK
– Initial stimulus produces a response that
amplifies the original change in conditions
– Body is moved away from homeostatis
• Normal range is not maintained
– A positive feedback loop completes a
dangerous process quickly to reestablish
homeostasis.