TRIGONOMETR

Triangle Ratios
and Rules
Recall
Pythagoras Theorem

a2 + b2 = c2
32 + 42 = 52
9 + 16 = 25

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Parts of Right-angled Triangle

Now imagine that you move from

Angle A to Angle B.

ADD A FOOTER From Angle B the adjacent side is From Angle B the opposite side is 3
the side next to Angle B. the side that is on the opposite side
of the triangle.
Conclusion
B For Angle A
Hypotenuse
This is the Opposite Side
Opposite Side
Opposite Side
This is the Adjacent Side
A
Adjacent
Adjacent Side
Side

B For Angle B

Hypotenuse This is the Opposite Side

This is the Adjacent Side

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A 4
Trigonometric Ratios
(only applicable in RIGHT-ANGLED triangle)

SOH CAH TOA

Sine Ratio: Cosine Ratio: Tangent Ratio:
Opposite Opposite
SinѲ = CosѲ = Adjacent TanѲ =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent

Opposite
Hypotenuse
Opposite

Hypotenuse
Opposite

Hypotenuse

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Adjacent Adjacent Adjacent

Finding unknown length
We are given the hypotenuse and we
want to find the length of the side
opposite the angle, so we use: SOH
opposite
sin θ =
12 cm hypotenuse
x
x
sin 56° =
12
56°

x = 12 × sin 56°

= 9.95 cm 6
Finding unknown length

A 5 m ladder is resting against a wall. It makes an angle of 70°

with the ground. What is the distance between the base of the
ladder and the wall?
5m We are given the hypotenuse and we want to find the length
of the side adjacent to the angle, so we use: CAH
adjacent
70° cos θ =
x hypotenuse
x
cos 70° =
5
x = 5 × cos 70° 7

= 1.71 m
Finding angles
8 cm

We are given the lengths of the sides

opposite and adjacent to the angle, so
5 cm
we use:
θ

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
8
Find θ to 2 decimal places. tan θ =
5
θ = tan–1 ()

= 57.99°
Angle of Elevation

9
Angle of Depression

10
Example 1

When measured from a point 12.4 m from its base, the angle of
elevation to the top of tree is 52. Find the height of the tree.

11
Example 2

An observer standing on the top of vertical cliff spots a house in

the adjacent valley at an angle of depression of 12. The cliff is
60m tall. How far is the house from the base of cliff?

12
SINE RULE
Choose your own pair. Make a
free scalene triangle from
Origami paper given.

Identify the longest to the shortest side with a, b and c respectively.

Identify the biggest to the smallest angle with A, B and C respectively.

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Find the ratio:
a A
1.
sin A

2. b
b
sin B c
c
3.
sin C
C a B

SINE RULE
a b c sin A sin B sin C
= = or = =
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sin A sin B sin C a b c 14
 Sine Rule: Finding unknown length

Condition Required:
We know completely Find the length of side a
1 pair of opposite
angle and side. B a 7
=
sin 118° sin 39°
a 39°

118° 7 sin 118°

a =
C 7 cm A sin 39°

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a = 9.82 (3 sf) 15
 Sine Rule: Finding unknown length

Calculate the length :

𝑥
12cm

86 𝑜 56𝑜
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 Sine Rule: Finding unknown length

Calculate the length :

6.3cm
𝑜
42

𝑦
43 𝑜
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Practice Now
No. 1

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Practice Now
No. 2

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 Sine Rule: Finding unknown angle
Condition Required:
We know completely Find the angle at B
1 pair of opposite
C 8
angle and side. 6
=
sin B sin 46°
8 cm
6 cm
8 sin 46°
sin B =
6

46°
8 sin 46°
A B
B = sin –1
6
20

ADD A FOOTER B = 73.6° (to 1 dp)

 Sine Rule: Finding unknown angle

Calculate the missing angle below:

𝑜 sin
27
15.4cm

𝑚𝑜
7cm 21

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 Sine Rule: Finding unknown angle

Calculate the missing angle below:

39𝑜
8.4cm

𝑥𝑜
5.6cm
Practice Now
No. 3

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Practice Now
No. 4

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Does ”sine rule” work to solve
this?

Question 1:
𝑜
Find the value of
81
𝑜 13cm
23
𝑥

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Does ”sine rule” work to solve
this?

Question 2: 𝑥
Find the value of

10cm
12cm
It’s time to apply
𝑜
44 cosine rule

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 C
COSINE RULE
b a
t In triangle BCD,

a2 = (c – x)2 + t2

A c D B a2 = c2 – 2cx + x2 + t2
x c–x
Using Pythagoras’ theorem in triangle ACD, Substituting 1 and 2 ,
b2 = x2 + t2 1 a2 = c2 – 2cb cos A + b2
x a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
Also, cos A =
b This is the 27

x = b cos A 2 cosine rule.

 A

c b

B C
a

Condition Required:
COSINE RULE We know two sides and
angle in between (SAS)

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
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 Cosine Rule: Finding unknown length

Condition Required: Find the length of side a.

We know two sides
and angle in
between (SAS) a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
B

a 4 cm a2 = 72 + 42 – (2 × 7 × 4 × cos 48°)

a2 = 27.53 (more than 3 sf)

48° A
C
7 cm a = 5.25 cm (to 3 sf)
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 Cosine Rule: Finding unknown length

Calculate the value of .

10cm
12cm
44 𝑜
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 Cosine Rule: Finding unknown length

Calculate the value of .

4cm

𝑜
156
𝑦
6cm

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Practice Now
No. 5

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Practice Now
No. 6

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 Cosine Rule: Finding unknown angle
Condition Required:
We know three
sides (SSS) Cos A =

Find the size of the angle at A. B

62 + 42 - 82
cos A =
2×6×4
8 cm
cos A = –0.25
6 cm
A = cos–1 (–0.25)

C A A = 104.5° (to 1 dp)

4 cm
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 Cosine Rule: Finding unknown angle

Calculate the size of angle .

9cm 11cm

𝑚𝑜
7cm
 Cosine Rule: Finding unknown angle

Calculate the size of angle .

7.2cm
3.7cm
𝑜
𝑟
5.2cm
Practice Now
No. 7

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Practice Now
No. 8

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 Should you use the Sine or Cosine rule to find the
missing side/angle in the following questions?
Why?

𝑜
𝑥 𝑜
13cm
67
4cm
7cm 4.4cm
9cm

74 𝑜 81𝑜
𝑜 𝑜 11cm 𝑜
𝑥 51 8cm 𝑥
10cm
55
5.2cm 𝑥
𝑜
84
𝑥 39

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 RECALL:
SINE FORMULA

Is that possible to find area

1
Area of a triangle = base height of triangle without knowing
2
its height?

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What is the area of triangle ABC?

4 cm
h
47°
B C
7 cm

Let’s call the height of the triangle h. Area of triangle = ½ × b × h

We can find h using the sine ratio. = ½ × 7 × 4 sin 47°
h
= sin 47° = 10.2 cm2 (to 1 dp)
4
41

ADD A FOOTER
h = 4 sin 47°
 SINE FORMULA

A
Area of triangle = ½ × base × height

c b = ½ × asin C
h
1
B Area of triangle = ab sin C
a C 2

h
= sin C Condition Required:
𝑏
We know two sides and
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h = sin C angle in between (SAS) 42
 SINE FORMULA

Calculate the area of the triangle, correct to 1dp.

Condition Required: A
We know two sides and
angle in between (SAS)
Area =
21cm
Area = 121.7cm2

43 𝑜
C B
17cm
 SINE FORMULA

Given the area of the triangle below is 97cm2, calculate the

value of .
97 =

15cm 97 = 105 sin

𝜃
= sin
14cm
Condition Required:
We know two sides and
angle in between (SAS)
PRACTICE NOW
No. 9

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PRACTICE NOW
No. 10

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Exam Style Question

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Exam Style Question

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 RATIOS IN
NON-ACUTE
ANGLE

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Recall: Graph of y = sin x

+ +

- -

50
Recall: Graph of y = cos x

- +

- +

51
Recall: Graph of y = tan x

- +

+ -

52
Example

53
54
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