TECHNOLOGIC

AL
FOUNDATIONS
OF EDUCATION
TECHNOLOGY RAISES NEW
HOPES AND PERILS
– Technology and Westernization

technology progress requires large qualities

of money and special equipment. It depends
also on great accommodation of knowledge
and experience. Both of these condition
exerted in the west the nearly of science and
industrialism.
– The Soviet Union in particular challenged the lead of the
west. It organized its school so as to train many thousand
of scientist and engineers. They were provided with well-
equipped laboratories treated with great importance,
and paid with high salaries. A top rank Russian Physicist
might have as much as the head of the major industry.
After World War II, Russia was far ahead of the other
partially westernized nation and was competing with the
west in some field of technology.
The competition showed itself clearly in military
weapons..
US- was the leader in developing atomic bomb
within four years the Soviet Union and by successful
spying, set off its own atomic bomb. The US
announced successful tests of far more powerful
weapon, the hydrogen bomb.
Soon the Soviet Union boasted of a hydrogen
explosion.
• 1955- a vaccine has successfully tested by the American Dr. Jesus
E. Salk to prevent infinite paralysis
• Calculating Machine- were elaborated to such degree that they
work faster than human brain the construction of such machine
become a new field of technology called electronics- the basis of
fast growing new branch of industry
• “Electronic Banker”- could perform the bookkeeping for 55,000
checking accounts and even more signal when to stop payment.
• Charles Babbage- an English mathematician who traced back to
work the original idea for an automatic calculation machine.
- he proposed “analytic engine” in 1833 that was supposed to
calculate store data and print of answers, precisely the same function
carried out by the modern computer.

-considered the Father of computers

USSR Science and Technology

• Lev Landau and Peter Kapitsa- world famous scholar who

produced their own disciples and soviet representation among
novel prize winning scientist was an impressive as the spectacular
feats of space technology
• One notable area in which Soviet onion lagged was medical
science. Medicine services lacked the quality one would expect in
the land that claimed to be “vanguard of the 20th Century”
Lev Landau Peter Kapitsa
What is technology?

• Technology- is concerned with using the findings of

science to solve the problem of Human society. It is
social activity including people and idea, methods and
machines, dynamic structure, communications, value and
tools but always people
Milestone In Technology

• 1700- newcomen steam engine, 1705

– was invented by Thomas Newcomen.The engine
was operated by condensing steam drawn into
the cylinder, thereby creating a partial vacuum
which allowed the atmospheric pressure to push
the piston into the cylinder. It was the first
practical device to harness steam to produce 
mechanical work
• 1750
-Watts improved steam engine
James Watt introduced a
design enhancement, the 
separate condenser, which
avoided this waste of energy
and radically improved the
power, efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness of steam
engines. Eventually, he 
adapted his engine to
produce rotary motion,
greatly broadening its use
beyond pumping water.
– 1769
Arkwright’s spinning
machine

for spinning thread or

yarn from fibers such as
wool or cotton in a
mechanized way.
– Wilkinson’s Machine tools
John "Iron-Mad" Wilkinson

He was the inventor of a precision

boring machine that could bore
cast iron cylinders, such as cannon
barrels and piston cylinders used in
the steam engines of James Watt.
His boring machine has been
called the first machine tool
– 1785
Cartwright’s powerloom
A power loom is a mechanized loom
, and was one of the key
developments in the industrialization
 of weaving during the early 
Industrial Revolution.
power loom. which used water power to
speed up the weaving process, the
predecessor to the modern power loom
– 1800
1806- Fulton’s
steamboat, the Clermont

Robert Fulton
developing the world's first
commercially successful steamboat,
the North River Steamboat (also
known as Clermont). In 1807, that
steamboat traveled on the 
Hudson River with passengers from 
New York City to Albany and back
again, a round trip of 300 nautical
miles (560 kilometers), in 62 hours.
The success of his steamboat
changed river traffic and trade on
– 1830- Stephenson’s Locomotive, the Rocket

Stephenson's Rocket is an early

steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel
arrangement. It was built for and
won the Rainhill Trials of the
Liverpool and Manchester
Railway
– 1831- Faraday’s Dynamo

Michael Faraday performed his
seminal experimental research
on electromagnetic induction, in
which he created the first electric
dynamo—a machine for
continuously converting rotational
mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
– 1833- Babage’s analytic engine

This analytical engine, the first

fully-automatic calculating
machine, was constructed by
British computing pioneer Charles
Babbage, who first conceived the
idea of an advanced calculating
machine to calculate and print
mathematical tables in 1812
– 1844- Morse Telegraph

Samuel Morse independently

developed and patented a
recording electric telegraph in
1837, which revolutionized long-
distance communication by
transmitting electrical signals
over a wire laid between stations
Technological Developments in
Education
• Educational Technology- is a learning center in a school
where a full range of print and audio-visual media
specialist are accessible to students and teacher
• Instructional Technology- is focused on the teaching-
learning process rather than on other aspects of
education.
• Technology- stresses the system approach to
problem-solving. The educational devices and
materials process unique characteristics and
potentials that can improve the educational
system.
 Historical Background in
Educational Technology
• “ Techne” – refers to the process of applying
knowledge systematically to the practical art of
instruction.
• Johann Amos Comenius- was considered the
pioneer of modern instructional technology by
virtue of his book “ Orbis Pictus”
• Orbis Pictus- illustrated and thoroughly planned
visual and textbook for children studying Latin
and the Sciences.
• Edward Thorndike
and John Dewey-
Fashioned the
scientific theory of
learning and the
scientific method,
respectively.
• “Visual Instruction”- a movement called with the intervention of
photography, it took shape to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
visual media although it did not widely accepted until 1920s.
• 1926- the educational films started
• Presssey- published his earliest paper on programmed learning
machine which tested and confirmed a leaning task.
• Philippines- the development od educational technology has been
at much slower pace.
• Educational televesion(EVT)- in the US was introduces in 1930s
but it was only in the early 60s when it appear in the country.
• Ateneo Center for Educational Televesion (CETV)- started in 1964
* The reason for this lagged in technology was lack of funds.
• SEAMEO Center of Educational Innovation
and Technology ( Innotech )- established a
major breakthrough in the development of
educational technology in the Philippines
-it was created to serve as a major research
arm of the South East Asian ministers of
Education Organzation ( SEAMEO) in the
development programs of the 70s.
• PD 1480- established the computer education in
the Philippines
-created National Computer Center (NCC) as the
Central computer policy body directly under the
office of the President
- In Coordination with the DECS, the NCC
supervises and regulates the private computer
training institution, set ups standards for curriculum
development.
• 1984- a policy recommendation of introducing
cmpiters in edcation was formulated through LO1
No. 1381 by an adhoc cabinet sub- committee.
Education/ Instructional tools in
Technology
A. Traditional Type
• Chalkboard- originally called “blackboard” with its
modification in color size and materials now called
chalkboard. It may be in green or in white color, from
these materials, a magnetic board was conceived.
Likewise a whiteboard can be utilized using a white board
marker.
• Flash card- a handy instructional materials often use in
presenting the words or mathematical figures or spelling
and/or computation of the students in a classroom
discusion.
• Globes and Maps- are often utilize in a discussion of
history military and political subjects.
• Cartoons and comic strips- these are very entertaining
instructional tools especially for children. It’s visul impact extends
to allow students perform a shadow plays better know as “karillo”
in Filipino.
• Posters- another motiviating tool for student to express their
ideas/ or interpret what the maker wishes to convey. This is an
ideal tool also in advertisement and disseminating information.
• Diagrams- this consist of lines and symbols. This is also utilize in
presenting a paradigm in conceptualizing certain frameworks in
other research.
• Charts- a flat pictures made up of pictures, symbols and numerical
data. Some types of charts commonly used by educators and
managers are organizitional chart, and flow chart.
• Graphs- show numerical date for quick and easy reading. Some
types of which are: circle or pir graphs line graph bar graph and
pictographs.
 B. The modern Educational/ Instructional tools

• Radio- Radio lesson maybe provided to students through audio-

learning system. The "On-the-Air" educational program of the Non
formal Education Center found this system effective particularly for
those who are residing in a far-flung areas or those who cannot afford
to attend formal schooling. This medium which can be use with or
without electric power, is also imperative to subjects such as social
studies, physical education, music, sciences, English, and agriculture.
• Television- There are more homes with television sets than
telephones, and by the year 2000 there will be more television
stations. In fact, the greatest growth is taking place in cable
television.
One of the most useful tools in education. Today, the extension of
learning through electronic television (EVT). Programs on
television such as Sineskuwela, Science and Language programs
are even sponsored by the NGOs and selected schools for this
purpose.
• Overhead and Opaque Projectors- In 1937, Seymour took time to
research on the overhead projection which was found very useful
in the educational routines.
This is use with transparencies or acetate sheets which contain
images or prints. The opaque projector, on the other hand, relies
mainly on reflected light rather than on incident light. The
advantage of this is, its readiness for utilization without the burden
of preparing the acetate materials. Books, pictures, colored
materials are well-projected on this unit.
• Film Showing through Motion Pictures- This is found to
be effective in enhancing the learning capabilities of the
students. Techniques like animation, slow-motion
photography give strong impact to learning effectiveness.
The innovative advancement of the video cassette
recorder greatly contributes to its effectiveness. Students
have greater chances of analyzing some stories or any
instruction with less difficulties.
Programmed Instruction: Its Historical
Background
• In 1920s,- Dr. Sidney Pressey of Ohio State University capitalized
on the process of reinforcement as a potential for a technological
innovation in education. He designed a teaching machine that
provide questions and multiple-choice answers. The machine alvo
detect if the answers of the student is right or wrong. This concept
underlies she value of the automation of instruction expressed in
different form such as: the Personalized System of Instruction
(PST) and Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI).
Computers: Its Educational Functions

• Computer is a special type of electronic calculating

device the performs mathematical and logical operations
on data within it central processing unit, based on a set
of program instruction, and produces results in the form
of meaningful and useful output.
• Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)- A tool or medium
of instruction through the use of computer an an
interactive-delivery mechanism in the learning process
where differen subject matters can be prepared and
delivered through it.
Five Methods of Instructions with
CAI
• Drill and Practice
Math, reading, spelling, and other basic skill areas are practice by
teachers to achieve level of skills mastery of the students.
• Tutorial
This method is not intended to replace the human factor in the
classroom. The Tutorial programs are similar to Socratic dialogues:
the computer presents some information and then it asks a series
of questions.
• Demonstration
Teachers can use computer demonstration effectively in various
educational situations and create simple versions of such
programs through color, graphics, and the like.
• Simulation
It initiates a real or imaginary system based on the systems
operation theory. This promotes mastery of skills, learning
content, concept development, promoting inquiry to motivating
students' interests in the subject.
• Instruction Games
Computerized instructional games are different from
fantasy games or other games developed for personal
computers. In this method, the learner engages in a
problem-solving exercise that requires him to apply
various rules of logic.