Introduction à l’Infrarouge

 Hershel’s experiment: measuring the

different heat content of each color of light
using a prism and thermometers

 The prism bends visual light into its color

spectrum, allowing you to measure each
color’s temperature

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 The Experiment

 Check the thermometers away from the

spectrum in the shaded area of the box

 This image shows that all 3 read 76

degrees

 Note that all 3 thermometer balls are

painted black, so that they will absorb heat
more efficiently

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 The Experiment

 Position the bulbs so that they

are each exposed to a
different color of light, with
the one on the far right
placed just beyond the edge
of the red band.

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 The Experiment

 After 3 minutes, the thermometers

read:

 blue: 80 degrees

 yellow: 83 degrees

 infrared: 86 degrees

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 What is infrared ?
 The entire range of radiation is called the “Electromagnetic Spectrum”
 As we have seen from the section on the discovery of infrared, there are
forms of light (or radiation) which we cannot see.
 Our eyes are detectors which are designed to detect visible light waves
(or visible radiation).

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum includes the types of energy shown below.
 These energies differ only in Wavelength and Frequency.
 From Gamma Rays to Radio Waves, Wavelength increases as
Frequency decreases
All of these energies travel at the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per
second in a vacuum.

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

 This image gives us a different view of a familiar animal as well as

information that we could not get from a visible light picture.

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Heat transfert
Conduction

METAL BAR

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 Convection

liquid or gas

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 Radiation

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 Infrared radiation

 Electromagnetic radiation

 Emitted by every object

 Surface phenomenon only

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible
m wave
g-ray X-ray UV IR UHF VHF SW

MWIR LWIR

.4 m .75 m 3 m 5m 8m 12 m

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Emission “Corps Noir”
SUN
R 6000°C
a
d Red-hot
4000°C
I burner
a
n 2000°C Room
t temperature
E 750°C
n
e
r
300°C
g
y 25°C
-75°C

.4-.75 3-5 8-12

Wavelength in micrometers

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 Wien’s Equation

T = a * (e + r + t ) Wilhelm Wien (1864-

1928), German physicist
and Nobel Laureate.
Born in Gaffken,
Emitted Transmitted educated at Giessen,
Temperature Radiation Radiation Würzburg, and Munich.
Developed formula for
Atmospheric Reflected determining energy at
Attenuation each wavelength for a
Radiation given temperature
radiating body. Other
important research into
optics and x-rays.
Awarded 1911 Nobel
Prize in Physics.

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Emitted Radiation

T = a * (e + r + t )

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Reflected Radiation
T = a * (e + r + t )

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 Transmitted Radiation

T = a * (e + r + t )

e.g.: polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, silicon, germanium

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 Emissivity
Definition
 Ratio of target radiation to a blackbody at the same
temperature.
 Largely determined by surface characteristics.

Emissivity Reflectivity

e=1-r
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 Emissivity

100% e=1

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 Emissivity

e = 0.2
80%

20%

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 Emissivity

e = 0.6
40%

60%

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 Emissivity
Surface Characteristics

Rough, textured surface: Smooth, shiny surface:

HIGHER emissivity target LOWER emissivity target

CONCRETE STAINLESS STEEL

WOOD ALUMINUM
SKIN GOLD

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 Emissivity
Emissivity of Some Common Materials:

Material e
Aluminum, polished 0.05
Aluminum, anodized 0.55
Steel, polished 0.07
Steel, oxidized 0.79
Red brick 0.93
Concrete 0.94
Paint 0.94
Human 0.98
Soil 0.92
Wood 0.96

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 MW Atmospheric Transmission

 Pourquoi 3-5 micron? “Fenêtre de Transmission”

M W A tm ospheric
T ransm ission of IR
T 0.9
r 0.8
a
n 0.7
s 0.6
m 0.5
i 0.4
s 0.3
s 0.2
i
o 0.1
n 0.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

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 LW Atmospheric Transmission

 Purquoi 8-12 micron? “Fenêtre de Transmission”

L W A tm ospheric
T ransm ission of IR
T 0.9
r 0.8
a
n 0.7
s 0.6
m 0.5
i 0.4
s 0.3
s 0.2
i
o 0.1
n 0.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

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Effects of Atmospherics
 Ideal - No Atmospheric loss

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 Effects of Atmospherics
 Typical loss with 60% Relative Humidity

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 60% of all energy from sun is infrared
 Absorption during the day

 Best data collected 4 hours after sundown

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Fundamentals of Thermal Imaging

Retina
Lens

Cornea Optic Nerve

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 Electro Optical System
ELECTRONICS
PROCESSING

LENSES

TARGET

 Focused by Lens
assembly MONITOR

 Detector element
 Electronic processing
 Video display

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Systéme Imageur Infrarouge
Cooler
Optics

Scan Electronics/Video Boards/

Mech Processors
Detector/
Dewar Assembly

Video Monitor

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Matrice Plan Focal (MPF)

Balayage Electronique (Mosaic)

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 Coolers

 Coolers
 Dewar-Liquid Nitrogen (77K)
 Joule Thomson (JT) (77K)
 Peltier (3-Stage ) (100K)
 Rotary (77K)
 Linear (77K)

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 LINEAR ROTARY
 No bearings  Numerous bearings
 No O-Rings  Several O-Rings
 Numerous moving
 Two moving parts
 No lubrication parts
 Lubrication required
 Large cooling
capacity  Small cooling capacity
 Larger size,  Smaller size, weight
weight

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 Linear/Stirling

COIL

PISTON

PISTON

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 Focal Plane Array
 No moving mirrors

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 Image Examples

 Fluid in tank heats more slowly than air

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QUESTIONS?

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