Department of Aerospace Engineering

Presented by
OPTIMIZATION NAME:
NAME : MD ZIAUL HOQUE NAME : MD SHAHRIAR  OF AIRFOILS
SAMUEL EDSON NAME: PANTALEO PROSPER
AKASH MAHMUD USN: 20BTRAN41 KIRUWA
USN : 20BTRAN035 USN : 20BTRAS055 USN: 20BTRAS057
  
Under the guidance of
Mr. Naveen Kumar Rajendra
Assistant Professor
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)
Flow of Presentation

KEYWORDS:

Objective

Conclusion
Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Airfoil, Viscous flow, NACA
2412, ANSYS Fluent, XFoil
Objective:
The objective of the present study is to optimize a basic symmetric
airfoil NACA 2412 using MATLAB Generic Algorithm interfaced with the
Xfoil analysis software.

The coefficients of lift, drag and the lift to drag ratio of the original and
optimized profile for different angles of attacks are compared to test
the capability.

The NACA 2412 airfoil is part of the NACA 4-digit series of airfoil
classification.
 Introduction

It is the way air moves around

The rules of aerodynamics explain
Aerodynamics: things and anything that moves
how an airplane is able to fly.
through air reacts to aerodynamics.

It is a significant factor in almost

Aerodynamics is important in
A rocket blasting off the launch pad any type of vehicle design,
various applications other than just
reacts to aerodynamics. including automobiles since air
aerospace engineering.
flows around them as well.

If any moving vehicle is not made

keeping aerodynamics in mind it
can cause a huge variety of failures
including structural failure.
Airfoil:
It is the cross-sectional profile of any aerodynamic structure which is
used to analyze the aerodynamic properties.
There are two main categories of airfoil:
 Symmetric and
 Asymmetric airfoils.

Asymmetric airfoil is used when there needs to be more lift than drag
(i.e) L/D ratio needs to be high.
In the case of an airplane wing the airfoil predominantly used is a
asymmetric airfoil. It is usually an airfoil with flat bottom and a curved
top.
Airfoil:
Thus when air passes the air the top speeds up when compared to the
air at the bottom. This results in the formation of a low pressure region
at the top.
Air moves from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.
Since the airfoil is sandwiched between the two regions it gets
displaced upwards.
Hence lift achieved is highly dependent
on the angle of attack and shape of the airfoil.
Symmetric airfoils in which the upper profile
is mirror image of the lower profile can achieve
lift as well but at a higher angle of attack.
NACA 2412:
The four digits are determined by the characteristics of the airfoil in the following way:
• The first digit describes the maximum camber as a percent of the chord.
• The second digit describes the location of that maximum camber measured from the
leading edge in percent of the chord.
• The final two digits describe the maximum thickness of the airfoil in percent of the chord.

With all percentages given in respect to the length of the chord, the classification of the
NACA2412 determines that the airfoil has a maximum camber of 2% located at 40% from
the leading edge, with a maximum thickness of 12%.
Lift: A fluid flowing around an object exerts a
force on it. Lift is the component of this force
that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow
direction. It contrasts with the drag force, which
is the component of the force parallel to the flow
direction

Drag: In fluid dynamics, drag is a force acting

opposite to the relative motion of any object
moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This
can exist between two fluid layers or between a
fluid and a solid surface.
Coefficient of Lift (CL): The lift coefficient is a
dimensionless coefficient that relates the lift
generated by a lifting body to the fluid density
around the body, the fluid velocity and an
associated reference area. A lifting body is a foil
or a complete foil-bearing body such as a fixed-
wing aircraft.

Coefficient of drag (CD): In fluid dynamics, the

drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that
is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an
object in a fluid environment, such as air or
water.
Usually, if a carmaker is bragging about it, it's in
the low region, somewhere between 0.26 and
0.22 – and the lower the number, the better
Xfoil:

 The XFOIL airfoil design system has proven to be a powerful and very useful tool for
subcritical airfoil design and is particularly applicable to low Reynolds number airfoils.
 Various graphics-oriented routines perform assorted analysis, inverse, and geometry
modification functions on a common airfoil representation and can be easily exercised
by the designer from a unified menu structure with complete flexibility.
 Since all the important physical mechanisms which affect airfoil performance are
represented in the overall computational model any airfoil modifications that are found
to affect performance can be relied on to have a physical rather than numerical basis.
 The system thus allows the designer to quickly try out new design approaches and
develop design philosophies for any given type of application.
The overall XFOIL design/analysis system consists of a collection of menu
driven routines which perform the viscous or inviscid analysis and inverse
calculations.
Supporting routines such as panel distribution generation, explicit geometry
manipulation, disk I/O and graphics are also driven from the same menu
structure.
The geometry manipulator allows explicit control of camber, thickness,
leading edge radius, trailing edge gap etc.
This is very useful if inviolable geometric constraints must be met and can be
very effective for achieving certain geometric specifications as well.
Fig 1: Xfoil analysis results at turbulent conditions (Re = 1000000)
Turbulent data set
Fig 2: Xfoil Analysis results at laminar conditions( Re = 0.3 e6)
Laminar data set
 Conclusion:
This presentation has shown a research project where we discussed the
characteristic features of the airfoil section and ways of calculating the
coefficient of lift across the surface of the NACA 2412 at varying angles of
attack, involving various experimental methods such as; MATLAB interfaced
with XFOIL analysis software and ANSYS for simulation.
 Summary of CFD Analysis results

Profile Coefficient of Lift (Cl) Coefficient of Drag (Cd)

0.2555 0.0051
Original Profile

Optimized Profile (Xfoil) 0.091

0.61
Thank You.