Cardiovascular

System
 Kelompok 1

1. Yeni Puspita Dewi (P21122001)

2. Istiqamah Iftinah (P21122003)
3. Dinda Revolina Hijriyah Kadekoh (P21122005)
4. Warda (P21122007)
5. Nurfaizah S. (P21122009)
6. Marda Yulia Rahma (P21122011)
7. Salwa Salsabila (P21122013)
8. Pridolin Tundoon (P21122015)
9. Sitti Ayu Nurkhaliza Zainuddin (P21122017)
10.Putri Ihsan Afizha (P21122019)
 Outline

01 Definition of cardiovascular system 03 Process of blood flow

through the heart

02 Category 04 Heart system

cardiovascular

Factors that control the

05 movement of blood
through the heart
06 Cardiac Output 08 Factors Affecting
Heart Rate

07 Factors that Determine 09 Formation of Blood Cells

Cardiac Output a. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) → description,
content, function, parts, body parts that produce
erythrocytes, factors that influence the formation of
erythrocytes, and the stage of formation of Hb
b. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) description, types
of leukocytes, and functions of the types of
leukocytes
 01
Definition of
cardiovascular
system
The cardiovascular system is the body's
transport system that carries food,
oxygen, water, and all the other essential
substances to the tissue cells, and brings
back the waste products.
02
Category cardiovascular
The cardiovascular system consists of:
1. The heart, which pumps blood
2. Vascular (blood vessels), the channel that connects
between the heart and network.
03
Process of
through the
heart
Blood enters the heart through the superior vena cava, inferior
vena cava and coronary sinus. These three blood vessels
empty into the right atrium. Next, blood flows into the right
ventricle through the tricuspid valve or valve. From the right
ventricle, blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries
through the pulmonary semilunar valves to the lungs. From
the lungs, blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary
veins. Then, from the left atrium, blood flows into the left
ventricle through the mitral valve. From the left ventricle,
blood is pumped into the aorta through the aortic semilunar
valve to the rest of the body.
04
Heart system
The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occur
when the heart beats. When the heart beats, it
circulates blood through the pulmonary and systemic
circuits of the body. There are two phases of the cardiac
cycle: diastole and systole. During diastole, the
ventricles of the heart relax and the heart fills with
blood. During systole, the ventricles contract and dilate
blood out of the heart into the arteries. One cardiac
cycle is complete when the heart chambers are filled
with blood and blood is pumped out of the heart.
05
Factors that control the
movement of blood through
the heart
Several factors control the movement of blood through the heart,
including:
1. Cardiac muscle activity
2. Conditions of the autonomic nervous system
3. Blood volume
4. Vascular resistance
5. Hormones
6. Health condition
06
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output or cardiac output (CO)
is the volume of blood pumped from
the left ventricle into the aorta in one
minute. By Therefore, cardiac output is
also called the minute volume.
07
Factors that Determine
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is determined by 2 factors, namely:
1. Stroke volume (SV): the volume of blood pumped from the left
ventricle into the aorta in one systole. The volume of this stroke
is about 70 ml.
2. 2. Heart rate (HR): number of left ventricular systoles per
minute. The average heart rate is 72 beats/minute.
08
Factors Affecting Heart
Rate
The following factors affect the heart rate:
1. The autonomic nervous system consisting of the sympathetic nervous system
(stimulating)and the parasympathetic (inhibitory) nervous system.
2. Pressoreceptors, namely nerve cells that are sensitive to changes in pressure.
There are 3 types of reflexes that affect the heart rate that work through
pressoreceptors, namely the carotid sinus reflex, aortic reflex, and atrial reflex.
a. Carotid sinus reflex
b. Aortic reflex
c. Atrial reflex
3. Chemoreceptors
4. Othersa.
A. Excessive emotions, such as fear, anger,
anxiety, and joy will increase heart rate.
B. Certain chemicals made in the body have a
direct effect on heart rate.
C. Gender The heart rate is higher in women than
in men.
D. Age
E. Physical work
09
Formation of Blood Cells
a. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) → description,
content and function, parts, body parts that produce erythrocytes, factors that influence the formation of
erythrocytes, and the stage of formation of Hb.

Description :
Normal erythrocytes are in the shape of a biconcave plate with a diameter of 7.8 µm and a thickness of 2.5
µm in the thickest part and 1 µm in the middle. The shape of the red blood cells can change as they pass
through the capillaries.

Content and function :

Red blood cells have the following contents and functions.
1. Contains hemoglobin (Hb) which plays a role in the transport and exchange of O, and CO,
Hb + O₂ →HbO₂
2Hb + CO₂ → HbCO
2. Contains the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which plays a role in the reaction:
H2O+CO2 → H2CO3

3.Maintaining acid-base balance

Parts :
Red blood cells or erythrocytes are produced by different parts of the body according
to the stages of life. The parts of the body that produce these erythrocytes are as
follows.
1. Yolk sac (volk sac) in the first weeks of embryonic life.
2. Liver, spleen, and lymph nodes in mid- pregnancy.
3. Bone marrow in the last month of pregnancy.
4. All bones from birth to 5 years old.
5. Long bones at the age of 5-20 year.
6. Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and ilium after 20 years of age.
Factors that influence the formation of erythrocytes :

• Intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is derived from glycopeptides produced by the parietal cells of the stomach.
Conditions that cause a deficiency of this glycopeptide will result in a shortage of erythrocytes.
These circumstances include:
a. gastric mucosal damage
b. sprue or intestinal thrush

• Extrinsic factors include : B vitamins (cyanocobalamin) and folic acid 12. Both of these
vitamins are important for the process of maturation of erythrocytes. Deficiency of these two
vitamins results in large, thin-walled, and often irregularly shaped erythrocytes. The amount of
vitamin B₁, which the body needs is 1-3 12 mg/day. Folic acid is found in green vegetables,
fruits and liver.
Stage of formation of Hb :

Hemoglobin contained in erythrocytes is formed through a series of reactions in the body.

Briefly, the stages of hemoglobin formation are as follows.

1. 2 succinyl CoA + 2 glycine→ pyrrole

2. 4 pyrrole → protoporphyrin IX

3. protoporphyrin IX + Fe"heme

4. heme + polypeptide → a chain or B chain

5. 2 a chains + 2 B chains of hemoglobin

b. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) → description,
Types of leukocytes, and functions, and functions of the types of leukocytes

Description :
Leukocytes are the active units of the immune system. Most leukocytes are formed in the bone
marrow, namely granulocytes, monocytes, and a few lymphocytes. Some other leukocytes are
formed in lymph tissue, namely lymphocytes.

Types of leukocytes :
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are a type of blood cell that have an important
role in the human immune system. There are several different types of leukocytes, namely:
• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
Functions of the types of leukocytes :
1.Neutrophil
The main function of neutrophils is as a defense of microorganisms, one of which is bacteria. Neutrophil levels
around 60-70% of leukocytes circulate in the blood.In cytoplasm, neutrophils contain glycogen. In addition,
this cell can also survive in less oxygen conditions, which is to have an age of about 1-4 days.

2. Basophils
Basophils have a function as healing in inflammation. Basophile levels in the blood are only about 1% of the
number of leukocytes.

3. Eosinophils
The main function of eusinophils is to kill parasites in the form of worms and also allergies if any. The amount
of eosinophil levels ranges from 2-4% of the total number of leukocytes.

4. Monocytes
Monocytes are leukocytes that have oval cores, its function is for the body's defense from protozoa, viruses,
and eating old cells. Monocyte content ranges from 3-8% of the number of leukocytes.

5. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes have an important role to maintain immunity or immunity, foreign substances, cancer cells, and
viruses. Interestingly, among all types of white blood cells that cannot move are only lymphocytes. For
information, lymphocyte levels range from 20-30% of the number of leukocytes. Lymphocyte age also varies,
some are only a few days old and some are for years.
THANK YOU 

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