Evolve.

Adapt.
Overcome.
CEFI is now ready.

CULTURE AND MORAL BEHAVIOR

PHILO 101: Ethics

ANGELA KHAYE O. LLANARES

College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education
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CULTURE
What is

?
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CULTURE
• Based on the definitions of culture you
mentioned, it is not hard to pinpoint the role of
the culture in one's moral behavior. A culture is
a 'way of life' of a group of people, and this so-
called 'way of life' actually includes moral
values and behaviors, along with knowledge,
beliefs, symbols that they accept, "generally
without thinking about them, and that are
passed along by communication and imitation
from one generation to the next" ("Culture
Definition," n.d.)

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HOW DO WE LEARN CULTURE?

1. SOCIAL LEARNING
a process by which ndividal acquire knowledge from
other in the ‘groups’ to which the ‘belong’.

2. SOCIALIZATION OR ENCULTURATION
a process by which infants and children socially learn
the culture including morality of those around them.

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How does culture influence one’s moral

development?

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1. Culture is always social and communal.

Laws, rules, and standards of
attitudes and behaviors are set
and promulgated by the
community to promote a
relationship that binds them
together.

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2. Culture defines the normative principles and

behaviors of the society.
It defines which particular
principle and behavior should be
kept to serve the best interest of
the community.

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3. Culture develops restriction and sets

boundaries.
These serve as protection
among the members
themselves and creates an
atmosphere which promotes
the welfare of the community.

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4. Culture conditions the mind.

Culture helps in generating the
character and identity of its
people, including their moral
character.

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5. Culture identifies the authorities or the

governing indivuals or groups.
The moral judgments of these
authorities are considered
essential in moral issues of the
community.

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“Moral Standards as Social

Convention”
and the Social Conditioning Theory

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• Some ethicist purport that moral laws are nothing but social
conventions.

=
Convention refers to the customary ways through which things
are done within a group.
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• Some believe that morality is nothing but an effect of social

conditioning.
“The original conscience of
an individual in any given
society is a historical
accident, the result of
influences to which he has
been subject.”
(Robinson, 1964)

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• Some believe that morality is nothing but an effect of social

conditioning.
“The original conscience of
an individual in any given
society is a historical
accident, the result of
influences to which he has
been subject.”
(Robinson, 1964)

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The problem is, when moral standards are considered as mere

social convention, it means that these are just made up by
human beings for themselves; hence, moral standards would
be reduced to the status of non-moral standards which can
easily be altered or changed if they, the society, wants to.

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“Morality
belongs to the
same class
Mathematics.”
C.S Lewis (1898—1963)

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Cultural Relativism

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Cultural relativism is the view that moral beliefs

and practices vary with and depend on the human
needs and social conditions of particular cultures.
-Holmes, 2007

According to this view, our morality can be

understood based on what is culturally acceptable
or not, in the society where we belong.

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The Five Claims of Cultural Relativism

1. Different societies have different moral standards.
2. The moral code of a society determines what is right
and wrong.
3. There are no universal moral truths.
4. The moral code of a particular society has no special
status.
5. It is arrogant for one culture to judge another. There
should be tolerance among cultures.

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Two Positive Lessons from Cultural Relativism

1. It warns us from assuming that our preferences

are the absolute rational standard.

2. It teaches us to keep an open mind and to be

more amenable in discovering the truth.

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Culture guides, and to some extent controls,

our thoughts and actions; and, some practices
which is regarded as “good” for one culture,
may be frowned upon by another.

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Flagellation

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Divorce and Annulment

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Poligamy

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Abortion

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Death Penalty

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Senicide

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Euthanasia

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DISCUSS THE ANALYSIS OF JAMES RACHELS

ABOUT CULTURAL RELATIVISM

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The Dangers of Cultural Relativism

1. We cannot call out societal practices that promote
harm.
2. We cannot justifiable criticize our own culture’s
harmful practices.
3. The idea of social progress becomes doubtful.

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The conception of the good is shaped by culture as it is

the very basic system of codes that shapes human
behavior.

GOOD VS EVIL
While it is assumed that culture often promotes welfare
and brings about the good for many, it can also be
potentially dangerous.
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QUESTIONABLE CULTURAL PRACTICES

Widow burning
Slavery Wife beating

Genital mutilation
Lynching Racism
One cannot solely rely on one’s culture to arrive at a
genuine understanding of the good.
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According to James Rachels, there are three

universal values which are important to moral
issues:
1. Caring for the young.
2. Respect for life.
3. Telling the truth.

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Universal Values

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Culture has a major impact on morality.

People from different cultures appear to
have different sets of ethics.

This is particularly apparent in ethics of

groups of people from the Eastern or
Asian culture as compared to those
from the Western culture.

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Some say that one of the differences between Eastern and

Western Culture is the fact that Western Ethics is basically about
finding the truth, whereas Eastern Ethics is very much about
protocol and showing respect.

Asian Ethics is said to be more about doing what is right in terms

of what is expected of someone by his family, society, and
culture. On the other hand, Western Ethics is claimed to have
more of a stress on self and what is logically true.
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Moreover, Western Ethics is seen to place more emphasis on law

and justice while Eastern Ethics seems to hold that one must do
what is right and expected of him and the universe will take care
of the rest.

The table in the following slide summarizes the perceived

differences between Western and Eastern Ethics.

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Western Ethics Eastern Ethics

Focus Finding Truth Protocol and Respect
Basis
Rational Thought Religious Teachings
Emphasis Logic, Cause and Effect Respect Towards Family
Roots Athens, Rome and Hinduism, Buddism
JudeoChristianity
Approach Rational Holistic and Cultural
Conflict and Good must triumph over evil Good and Bad, Light and Dark
Harmony All exist in equilibrium

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As in indicate in the table, the basis of Asian or Eastern Ethics is

religion, specifically Eastern religions and philosophies.
Confucianism for instance, focuses in the cultivation of virtue and
maintainance of morality, the most basic of which are:
• Ren- an obligation of altruism and humaneness for other
individuals.
• Yi- upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do
good
• Li- a system of norms and propriety that determines how a person
should properly act in everyday life.

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Filipino Moral Character:

Strengths and Weaknesses

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SIR in the Philippine culture is anchored on six (6)

basic Filipino values.
1. Pakikisama
2. Hiya
3. Amor Propio
4. Utang na loob
5. Filipino Hospitality
6. Respect for elders
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1. Pakikisama
'Pakikisama' is having and
maintaining 'good public relations.'
This is usually being practiced to
avoid clash with other people or a
certain group. It characterizes both a
value and a goal that involves
keeping good feelings in all personal
interactions and getting along with
others, oftentimes, at all costs.

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Just like other Filipino values, however, 'pakikisama can work

either positively or destructively. To elude open displays of
conflicts, clashes, and confrontations, Filipinos may submit to
group opinion, give overgenerous praise on one another, use
metaphorical language rather than candid terms, conceal
negative feelings or unhappy spirits underneath a pleasant
demeanor, smile even when things go wrong, avoid to say 'no,
and refrain from venting anger or losing temper. We Filipinos
believe that attaining SIR is much important that we may give
up clear but offending communications.

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2. Hiya
"Hiya is described as a feeling of
lowliness, shame or embarrassment,
and inhibition or shyness which is
experienced as somewhat
distressing. Integrally, 'hiya' is related
to the concept of face' anda concern
with how one appears in the eyes of
others.

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This unique Filipino concept 'hiya' or "fear of losing face'

encompasses being afraid to do bad things as it may damage
one's reputation in the sight of other people. A person's capacity
for proper behavior with authority figures is a reflection of his or
her family upbringing and this fear of losing face. Too much
'hiya, nonetheless, may lead to having inferiority complex and
losing self-confidence.

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3. Amor Propio
Like 'hiya, the Filipino value of 'amor
propio' is derived from the concept of
face. Although commonly translated as
'self-respect' or 'self-esteem, 'amor
propio' has been"characterized as the
high degree of sensitivity that makes a
person intolerant to criticism and causes
him to have an easily wounded pride"
("Amor Propio," n.d.).

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Concerning this Filipino value, some observe that "Filipinos learn

to withstanda 'loss of face' in some situations, particularly when
they perceive themselves to be at fault, but it is devastating to
be publicly criticized, insulted, belittled, or humiliated, or to lose
one's self-respect" ("Amor Propio," n.d.).

'Amor propio' comes from the person's tendency to protect his or

her dignity and honor. Because of pride or amor propio, for
instance, a person may refuse offers even if he/she really wants
to accept them.

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4. Utang na loob
'Utang na loob' is also a fundamental
aspect of upholding group harmony
and relationships that demand the
balancing of obligations and debts.
This involves the concept 'reciprocity'
or returning the received favor.

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The inability to repay the "utang na loob" (debt of gratitude)

usually makes a person "walang utang na loob" or "walang-
hiya." To avoid being dubbed as "walang utang na loob," some
Filipinos sometimes do things that may be bad (like voting for
unworthy candidate) just to return a received favor.

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5. Filipino Hospitality
'Filipino hospitality' refers to the
innate ability and trait of Filipinos to
be courteous and entertaining to their
guests. Indeed, generally speaking,
Filipinos are hospitable as they are
internationally known to be warm,
welcoming, and or accommodating.
This trait, however, makes Filipinos
prone to being abused maltreated.

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These Filipino social values are important to maintain harmony

in Filipino relationships in social institutions such as family,
school, and community. The ' , together with Filipino
'pakikipagkapwa-tao, has been deemed as a central core of
essential cultural traits that form and define an almost
stereotypic Filipino character and moral behavior

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Universal Values

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The existence of the so-called universal values is a strong proof that

cultural relativism is wrong. If certain values exist in both in Western and
Eastern cultures (including the Filipino culture), then cultural relativism’s
claim that cultures’ morality radically differ from each other is mistaken.

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According to Dr. James Rachels, despite some the fact that

cultural standards may seem to differ, the following are the
three basic values shared by all cultures which serve as the
basis of their existing rules, norms, and practices:

1. Caring for the young

2. Murder is wrong
3. Telling the truth

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Resources:

Books:

Cariño, J. V. (2018). Fundamentals of ethics. C & E Publishing, Inc.: Quezon City

De Guzman, J. (2017). Ethics: Principles of Ethical Behavior in Modern Society. Mutya Publishing House: Malabon City

Pasco, M. O. D., Suarez, V. F., & Rodriguez, A. M. G. (2018). Ethics. C & E Publishing, Inc.: Quezon City

Images:

https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/11-things-you-should-know-about-the-filipino-culture/

Gabriel Marcel https://iep.utm.edu/marcel/

Aristotle https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle

Jean Paul Sarte https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Paul-Sartre

Lao Tzu https://pixels.com/featured/lao-tzu-on-his-buffalo-chinese-school.html

James Rachels https://reasonandmeaning.com/2015/05/06/mofl/

https://events.cornell.edu/event/reviel_netz_stanford_university_lecture

https://familyincluded.com/fathers-at-the-birth-2/

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/10/29/santiago-qualified-to-be-judge-on-international-criminal-court-%E2%80%93-civil-society-independent-panel

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