Learning knows no boundaries

FOUNDATIONS OF
SPECIAL EDUCATION
OUTLINE
• OBJECTIVES OF
SPECIAL
EDUCATION

• CATEGORIES OF
EXCEPTIONALITIES

• INDIVIDUAL
PROGRAMS AND
PLANS (IEP)
TERMS
DISABILITY

• EXCEPTIONALITY

• HANDICAP

• IMPAIRMENT

DISABLED
 INDIVIDUAL WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT

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 SPECIAL EDUCATION
• An educational
program/service designed to
meet the needs of children
with special needs who
cannot profit from general or
regular education because
of disabilities or exceptional
abilities.
 FOUNDATION

All the efforts to uphold the rights and dignity

of children with disabilities primarily root from
the philosophical understanding of man.
 Special Education Division Philippines Memorandum:

Special education refers to the education of persons

who are GIFTED OR TALENTED and those who have
PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL OR SENSORY IMPAIRMENT AND
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES so as to require modifications of
the school curricula, programs and special services
and physical facilities to develop them to their
maximum capacity

These persons may be gifted/talented, fast learner,

mentally retarded, (Intellectual disability ) visually
impaired, hearing impaired, with behavior
problems, orthopedically handicapped, with special
health problems, learning disabled, speech
impaired or multiply handicapped .
FOUNDATION
- should have the
rights as
normal
children do
- must NOT be
isolated nor be
looked down
- must be treated as
persons of dignity
- needs should be
provided
 BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF
SPECIAL EDUCATION
“Every child with special needs has a
right to an educational program
that is suitable to his needs.”

“Special education shareswith regular

education basic responsibilities of the
educational system to fulfill the right
of the child to develop to his full
potential.”
OBJECTIVE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION
To develop the
maximum potential of
the child with special
needs to enable him to
become self-reliant
and shall be geared
towards providing him
with the opportunities
for a full and happy
life.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF
SPECIAL EDUCATION

The development and maximization of

learning competencies, as well as the
inculcation of values to make the
learners with special needs as useful
and effective members of society.
 ULTIMATE GOAL OF
SPECIAL EDUCATION
The integration or mainstreaming of
learners with special needs into the
regular school system and
eventually into the community.
 EXCEPTIONALITY
An individual or a child who has an exceptionality
has some area of functioning in which he or she is
significantly different from an established norm.
This definition includes both students with
disabilities and those with special gifts or talents.

•learning disabilities
•developmental delays
•emotional and behavioral
disorders
•communication disorders
•hearing disabilities
•visual impairments
•physical disabilities
13 LEGAL CATEGORIES FOR
EXCEPTIONALITIES
1. Autism 8. Orthopedic Impairment
2. Deaf-blindness 9. Other Health impairment
3. Deafness 10.Specific Learning Disability
4. Emotional Disturbance 11.Speech or Language
5. Intellectual Disability Impairment
6. Hearing Impairment 12. Traumatic Brain Injury
7. Multiple Disabilities 13. Visual Impairment
1. AUTISM
A developmental disability significantly affecting
verbal and nonverbal communication and social
interaction.
3 Primary Features
- Restricted range of
social interaction
- Impaired
communication skills
- Persistent pattern of
stereotypical behaviors,
interests, and activities
2. DEAF-
BLINDNESS A concomitant hearing and
visual impairments, the
combination of which causes
such as severe communication
and other developmental and
educational needs that they
cannot be accommodated in
special education programs
solely for children with
deafness or children with
blindness.
3.
D EAFNESS
A hearing impairment that is
so severe that the child is
impaired in processing
linguistic information
through hearing; with or
without amplification that
adversely affects a child’s
educational performance
 4. EMOTIONAL
AD ISTURBANCE
condition exhibiting one or more of the
following characteristics over a long period of
time and to a marked degree that adversely
affects a child’s educational performance.
- Inability to learn that cannot be
explained
- Inability to build or maintain satisfactory
interpersonal relationships with peers
- Inappropriate types of behaviors
- A general pervasive mood of
unhappiness
- A tendency to develop physical symptoms
5. HEARING IMPAIRMENT
An impairment in hearing,
whether permanent or
fluctuating, that adversely
affects a child’s educational
performance but that is
not included under the
definition of deafness.
6. INTELLECTUAL
DAISABILITY
significantly sub-average general
intellectual functioning, existing
concurrently with deficits in adaptive
behavior and manifested during the
developmental period, that adversely
affects a child’s educational
performance.
7. MULTIPLE DISABILITIES
Concomitant impairments,
the combination of which
causes such severe
educational needs that
they cannot be
accommodated in special
education solely for one
of the impairments.
8. ORTHOPEDIC IMPAIRMENTS
A severe orthopedic impairment that
adversely affects a child’s educational
performance.
Includes:
- Congenital anomalies
Ex. clubfoot
- Caused by disease
Ex. poliomyelitis
- Other causes
Ex. Cerebral palsy
9. OTHER HEALTH IMPAIRMENTS
Having limited strength, vitality or alertness
including a heightened alertness to
environmental stimuli, that results in
limited alertness with respect to the
educational environment.
- Due to chronic or acute asthma, ADD, ADHD,
diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead
poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, and
sickle cell anemia.
- Adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
10. SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY
A disorder in one or more of the basic
psychological processes involved in
understanding or in using language,
spoken or written, that may manifest itself
In an imperfect ability to
listen, think, speak,
read, write, spell,
or to do
mathematical
discussions
Also brain injury,
minimal brain
dysfunction,
development
aphasia.
11. SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT
A communication
disorder, such as
stuttering, impaired
articulation, language
impairment, or a voice
impairment, that
adversely affects a
child’s educational
performance.
12. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
An acquired injury to the
brain caused by an
external force, resulting
in total or partial
functional disability or
psychosocial
impairment, or both,
that adversely affects a
child’s educational
performance.
13. VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
An impairment in vision
that, even with correction
adversely affects a
child’s educational
performance.
The term includes both
partial sight and
blindness.
Learning knows no boundaries