Professional Documents
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Pollution
Pollution
presentation begins
l pollution,
policies and
practices
Topics covered
o Environmental pollution
o Nuclear hazards
o Solid waste management
o Climate change
o Environment laws
o Nature reserves
TYPES OF POLLUTION
1 2
AIR POLLUTION WATER
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NOISE SOIL
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WATER
POLLUTION
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—
often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate
a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body
of water, degrading water quality and rendering it
toxic to humans or the environment.
CAUSES OF
Urbanization.
Deforestation.
Industrial effluents.
WATER Social and Religious Practices.
Use of Detergents and Fertilizers.
POLLUTION: Agricultural run-offs- Use
of insecticides and pesticides.
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
● Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of dumping
garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.
● Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their metabolism, behaviour, causes illness
and eventual death. Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems from reproduction to
uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This chemical is bioaccumulated in fish, chicken and meat.
Chemicals such as this travel up the food chain before entering the human body.
● The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food chain. It disrupts the food-chain.
Cadmium and lead are some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the food chain
through animals (fish when consumed by animals, humans) can continue to disrupt at higher
levels.
● Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through faecal matter
in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an outbreak of
infectious diseases such as cholera, etc.
● The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water pollution.
AIR POLLUTION
● Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological
change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases,
dust and smoke which affects plants, animals and humans
drastically.
Causes of Air ●
●
Automobiles
Agricultural Activities
● Factories and Industries
Pollution ●
●
Mining Activities
Domestic Sources
air pollution control measures
1. By minimizing and reducing the use of fire and fire products.
2. Since industrial emissions are one of the major causes of air pollution, the pollutants can be controlled or
treated at the source itself to reduce its effects. For example, if the reactions of a certain raw material
yield a pollutant, then the raw materials can be substituted with other less polluting materials.
3. Fuel substitution is another way of controlling air pollution. In many parts of India, petrol and diesel are
being replaced by CNG – Compressed Natural Gas fueled vehicles. These are mostly adopted by vehicles
that aren’t fully operating with ideal emission engines.
4. Although there are many practices in India, which focus on repairing the quality of air, most of them are
either forgotten or not being enforced properly. There are still a lot of vehicles on roads which haven’t
been tested for vehicle emissions.
5. Another way of controlling air pollution caused by industries is to modify and maintain existing pieces of
equipment so that the emission of pollutants is minimized.
6. Sometimes controlling pollutants at the source is not possible. In that case, we can have process control
equipment to control the pollution.
7. A very effective way of controlling air pollution is by diluting the air pollutants.
8. The last and the best way of reducing the ill effects of air pollution is tree plantation. Plants and trees
reduce a large number of pollutants in the air. Ideally, planting trees in areas of high pollution levels will be
extremely effective.
EARTH’S TEMPERATURE GOALS
2. Particulate radiations
🠶Beta, alpha particles etc
Impacts of Nuclear
Radiation
🠶 SHORT TERM RECOVERABLE EFFECTS
🠶 Short term affect on skin, hair loss, lungs and on reproductive organs
🠶 LONG TERM IRRECOVERABLE EFFECTS
🠶 Radiation sickness
A person's risk of getting sick depends on how much radiation the body absorbs. Radiation
sickness is often fatal and can produce such symptoms as bleeding and shedding of the
lining on the gastrointestinal tract.
🠶 Bone marrow death is caused by a dose of radiation between 2 and 10 Gray and is
characterized by the part of the bone marrow that makes the blood being broken down.
Therefore, production of red and white blood cells and platelets is stopped due to loss of the
blood-making stem cells
🠶 Cataract induction
🠶 Cancer induction
🠶 Infectious diseases resulting from nuclear attack such as dysentery, tuberculosis, cholera,
pneumonia etc.
🠶 GENETIC
🠶 The effect is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed. Mutations of these
reproductive cells are passed to the offspring of the individual exposed.
How Does Nuclear Radiation Harm
the human body?
🠶 Radioactive iodine and cesium are being released into the environment from
the malfunctioning nuclear reactors in Japan.
🠶 As radioactive material decays, or breaks down, the energy released into the
environment has two ways of harming a body that is exposed to it,
🠶 It can directly kill cells, or it can cause mutations to DNA. If those mutations
are not repaired, the cell may turn cancerous.
🠶 Children are most at risk for thyroid cancer, since their thyroid glands are 10
times smaller than those of adults as the radioactive iodine would be more
concentrated in them. The Chernobyl accident released a plume of
radioactive materials into the atmosphere in a fraction of a second. In the
following years, the incidence of thyroid cancer among those exposed as
children increased in Ukraine and nearby countries.
Nuclear power accidents in
IndiaDate Location Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
Bulandshahr
31 Mar 1993 220
, Uttar
Pradesh,
India
MERCURY VENUS
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet
smallest one from the Sun
POLLUTION CASE STUDIES
BHOPAL
TAJ MAHEL GAS
Despite being red,
TRADEGY
Mars is cold
MAHAL
Taj mahal located in Agra has become a matter of concern
pollutant in the air discolouring its white marble.
POLLUTI
the worst of all. November 2017 is referred to
as the Great a of Delhi as well because the air
particulate hit the worst level, beyond the safe
limit of 100.
ON
CAUSES OF DELHI POLLUTION
o One of the main reasons of increasing air pollution levels in Delhi is crop burning by the farmers in
these states. Farmers burn rice stubbles in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. It is estimated that
approximately 35 million tonnes of crop are set afire by these states. The wind carries all the
pollutants and dust particles, which have got locked in the air
o Pollution caused by the traffic menace in Delhi is another reason contributing to this air pollution
and smog. The air quality index has reached ‘severe’ levels. Vehicular emission is increasing the
hazardous effects of air pollution and smog. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) have declared vehicular emission
as a major contributor to Delhi’s increasing air pollution.
o As the winter season sets in, dust particles and pollutants in the air become unable to move. Due to
stagnant winds, these pollutants get locked in the air and affect weather conditions, resulting in
smog.
o Another reason of air-pollution is over-population in the capital. Over-population only adds up to
the various types of pollution, whether it is air pollution or noise pollution.
o Investing less on public infrastructure is another reason of air pollution. In India,
investment in public transport and infrastructure is low which leads to congested roads,
and hence air pollution.
o Large scale construction in Delhi-NCR is another culprit that is increasing dust and
pollution in the air. Considering the dipping air quality, a number of construction sites
have stalled work, as directed by the Delhi Government.
o Industrial pollution and garbage dumps are also increasing air pollution and building-up
smog in the air.
o Despite the ban on cracker sales, firecrackers were a common sight this Diwali. It may
not be the top reason for this smog, but it definitely contributed to its build up.
CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local,
regional and global climates. These changes have a broad range of observed effects that are synonymous with the
term.
2. Changes observed in Earth’s climate since the early 20th century are primarily driven by human activities,
particularly fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere, raising
Earth’s average surface temperature. These human-produced temperature increases are commonly referred to as
global warming. Natural processes can also contribute to climate change, including internal variability (e.g.,
cyclical ocean patterns like El Niño, La Niña and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation) and external forcings (e.g.,
volcanic activity, changes in the Sun’s energy output, variations in Earth’s orbit).
GLOBAL ● Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate
system observed since the pre-industrial period (between
WARMING
1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel
burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels
in Earth’s atmosphere. The term is frequently used
interchangeably with the term climate change, though the
latter refers to both human- and naturally produced warming
and the effects it has on our planet. It is most commonly
measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface
temperature.
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (No. 19 of 2010) (NGT Act) has been enacted with the
objectives to provide for establishment of a National Green Tribunal (NGT) for the effective and
expeditious disposal of cases relating to environment protection and conservation of forests
and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment
and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the "Air Act") is an act to provide for the
prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and for the establishment of Boards at the
Central and State levels with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974 (the "Water Act") has been enacted to provide for the
prevention and control of water pollution and to maintain or restore wholesomeness of water in the country. It
further provides for the establishment of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution with a view to carry
out the aforesaid purposes. The Water Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies beyond a given
standard, and lays down penalties for non-compliance. At the Centre, the Water Act has set up the CPCB which lays
down standards for the prevention and control of water pollution. At the State level, SPCBs function under the
direction of the CPCB and the State Government.
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (the "Environment Act") provides for the protection and improvement of
environment. The Environment Protection Act establishes the framework for studying, planning and implementing
long-term requirements of environmental safety and laying down a system of speedy and adequate response to
situations threatening the environment. It is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the
coordination of central and state authorities established under the Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act. The term
"environment" is understood in a very wide term under s 2(a) of the Environment Act. It includes water, air and land
as well as the interrelationship which exists between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures,
plants, micro-organisms and property.
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 was enacted with the objective of effectively protecting the
wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its
derivatives. The Act was amended in January 2003 and punishment and penalty for offences
under the Act have been made more stringent. The Ministry has proposed further amendments
in the law by introducing more rigid measures to strengthen the Act. The objective is to provide
protection to the listed endangered flora and fauna and ecologically important protected areas.
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 was enacted to help conserve the country's forests. It strictly
restricts and regulates the de-reservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest
purposes without the prior approval of Central Government. To this end the Act lays down the
pre-requisites for the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes.
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006,
recognises the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers
over the forest areas inhabited by them and provides a framework for according the same.
The Indian Forest Act, 1927 consolidates the law relating to forests, the transit of forest-produce
and the duty leviable on timber and other forest-produce.
Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 was enacted with the objectives to provide for damages to victims
of an accident which occurs as a result of handling any hazardous substance. The Act applies to all
owners associated with the production or handling of any hazardous chemicals.
The Biological Diversity Act 2002 was born out of India's attempt to realise the objectives enshrined in
the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 which recognises the sovereign
rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. The Act aims at the conservation of biological
resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner. The
National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai has been established for the purposes of implementing the
objects of the Act.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests had issued the Coastal Regulation Zone
Notification vide Notification no. S O. 19(E), dated January 06, 2011 with an objective to ensure
livelihood security to the fishing communities and other local communities living in the coastal areas, to
conserve and protect coastal stretches and to promote development in a sustainable manner based on
scientific principles, taking into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas and sea
level rise due to global warming.
GLOBAL WARMING IS HAPPENING
POLLUTION
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place
SEA LEVEL
INCREASE
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
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Despite being red,
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Saturn is the ringed
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Despite being red, Mars is cold
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SEGMENTATION
MERCURY
MARS
Despite being
Mercury is thered,
25% smallest
Mars is cold
planet
35%
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VENUS
SATURN
Saturn has
Venus is the
a ringed
beautiful name
planet
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GLACIERS HAVE SHRUNK
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Jupiter
Saturn is the Despite being red,
biggest
ringed planet
planet Mars is cold
ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING
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MERCURY
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