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Operational Amplifier

Date: 28/02/2022 Date:

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International

Institute of Information Technology, Naya
Raipur 

International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur

 Operational Amplifier

• An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify weak

electric signals.
• An operational amplifier has two input pins and one output pin.
• Its basic role is to amplify and output the voltage difference between the
two input pins.
• It can also be used to perform various linear, non-linear, and
mathematical operations.
• The IC 741 is a widely used all-bipolar general purpose op-amp.

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 Circuit Symbol

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 Ideal Operational Amplifiers
Characteristic:
•Input impedance Zi=∞Ω
•Output impedance Z0=0Ω
•Open loop voltage gain Av=∞
•If (the differential) input voltage Vi=0V, then the output voltage will
be V0=0V
•Bandwidth is infinity. It means, an ideal op-amp will amplify the
signals of any frequency without any attenuation.
•Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is infinity.
•Slew Rate (SR) is infinity. It means, the ideal op-amp will produce a
change in the output instantly in response to an input step voltage.
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 Ideal Operational Amplifiers Symbolic
representation

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 Practical Operational Amplifiers

Characteristic:
• A practical op-amp exhibits the following characteristics −
• Input impedance, Zi in the order of Mega ohms.
• Output impedance, Z0 in the order of few ohms..
• Open loop voltage gain, Av will be high.
• When you choose a practical op-amp, you should check whether
it satisfies the following conditions −
• Input impedance, Zi should be as high as possible.
• Output impedance, Z0 should be as low as possible.

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 Practical Operational Amplifiers

Characteristic:
•Open loop voltage gain, Av should be as high as possible.
•Output offset voltage should be as low as possible.
•The operating Bandwidth should be as high as possible.
•CMRR should be as high as possible.
•Slew rate should be as high as possible

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 Practical Operational Amplifiers Symbolic
representation

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 characteristics of opamp
• Input bias current
• Input offset current
• Input offset voltage
• Thermal drift
• Open loop voltage gain
• Output offset voltage
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• Slew Rate

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 characteristics of opamp

Input Bias current

where IB1 is the dc bias current entering the non-inverting input and IB2
is the dc bias current entering the inverting input

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 characteristics of opamp

Input offset current

• The difference in magnitude between IB1 and IB2 is called input offset
current IOS.

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 characteristics of opamp

Input offset voltage

• Input offset voltage VOS is the differential input voltage that exists
between the inverting and non-inverting input terminals of an op-amp.
• It can be defined as the voltage that is to be applied between the two
input terminals for making the output voltage zero

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 characteristics of opamp

Input offset voltage

• Figure shows the op-amp with input offset voltage VOS applied at the
non-inverting terminal

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 characteristics of opamp

Thermal Drift
• It was assumed that the parameters VOS, IB and IOS are constant for a
given op-amp.
• However, in practice, the following operating conditions pose a great
challenge to these parameters:
• (i) Change in temperature T
• (ii) Change in supply voltage and
• (iii) Change in time

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 characteristics of opamp

Thermal Drift

• The change in temperature causes the most serious variation in the

values of VOS, IB and IOS.
• The term thermal drift is used to identify such changes and it is
defined as the average rate of change of input offset voltage, input
bias current and input offset current per unit change in temperature.

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 characteristics of opamp

Open loop voltage gain

The open loop voltage gain of an op-amp is its differential gain without
any feedback path.
Mathematically, the open loop voltage gain of an op-amp is
represented as −

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 characteristics of opamp

Output offset voltage:

The voltage present at the output of an op-amp when its differential
input voltage is zero is called as output offset voltage.
Common mode rejection ratio(CMRR):
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of an op-amp is defined as the
ratio of the closed loop differential gain, Ad and the common mode
gain, Ac.

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 characteristics of opamp

Common mode rejection ratio(CMRR) Continued….-

Mathematically, CMRR can be represented as −

Note that the common mode gain, Ac of an op-amp is the ratio of the
common mode output voltage and the common mode input voltage.

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 characteristics of opamp

Slew Rate
Slew rate of an op-amp is defined as the maximum rate of change of the
output voltage due to a step input voltage.
Mathematically, slew rate (SR) can be represented as −

Where, V0 is the output voltage. In general, slew rate is measured in

either V/μSec or V/mSec

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 Q.1. Assume that an op-amp 741 connected as a unit gain inverting amplifier
is applied with an input change of 10 V. Determine the time taken for the output
to change by 10 V. Given: For the op-amp 741, slew rate = 0.5 V/ms

Solution-

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 Q.2. Assuming slew rate for 741 is 0.5 V/ms, what is the maximum undistorted
sine-wave that can be obtained for (a) 12V peak and (b) 2V peak? Given: For the
op-amp 741, slew rate = 0.5 V/ms

Solution-

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 Q.3. IC 741 is used as an inverting amplifier with a gain of 100. The voltage
gain Vs frequency characteristic is flat up to 10 kHz. Determine the maximum
peak-to-peak input signal that can be applied without any distortion to the output.
Given: For the op-amp 741, slew rate = 0.5 V/ms.

Solution-

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 Q.4. Assume that an op-amp has I = 400 nA and IB2 = 300 nA. Determine the
B1
average bias current IB and the offset current IOS.

Solution-

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..

Thank You!!!

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International

Institute of Information Technology, Naya
Raipur 

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