2.

8 Fundamental Geometric Calculation

• Why numerical integration?

integration
- Ship is complex and its shape cannot usually be
presented by mathematical equation.
- Numerical scheme, therefore, should be used to
calculate the ship’s geometrical properties.
• Which numerical method ?
- Trapezoidal rule
- Simpson’s 1st rule
- Simpson’s 2nd rule
 Trapezoidal rule (skip)

- uses 2 data points

- assume linear curve : y=ax+b

y4
y1 y2 y3 A1=s/2 (y1+y2)
A2=s/2 (y2+y3)
A1 A2 A3 A3=s/2 (y3+y4)
s s s
x1 x2 x3 x4
Total Area = A1+A2+A3
= s/2 (y1+2y2+2y3+y4)
 2.8.1 Simpson’s 1st Rule

- uses 3 data points

- assume 2nd order polynomial curve
Mathematical Integration Numerical Integration
y
y dx y(x)=ax²+bx+c y1 y2 y3

dA
A
A x
x x1 s x2 s x3
x1 x2 x3

x3 s
Area : A   dA   y dx  ( y1  4 y2  y3 )
x1 3
 2.8.1 Simpson’s 1st Rule (cont)
y y6 y7 y8 y9
y2 y3 y5
y1 y4

s
x
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
s s
A  ( y1  4 y2  y3 )  ( y3  4 y4  y5 )
3 3 Odd number
s s
 ( y5  4 y6  y7 )  ( y7  4 y8  y9 )
3 3
s
 ( y1  4 y2  2 y3  4 y4  2 y5  4 y6  2 y7  4 y8  y9 )
3
s
Gen. Eqn. A  ( y1  4 y2  2 y3  ...  2 yn  2  4 yn 1  yn )
3
 Simpson’s 2nd Rule (skip)

- uses 4 data points

- assume 3rd order polynomial curve

y y4
y1 y2 y3
y(x)=ax³+bx²+cx+d
A
x
s s x4
x1 x2 x3
3s
Area : A  ( y1  3 y2  3 y3  y4 )
8
2.8.2 Application of Numerical Integration

• Application
- Waterplane Area
- Sectional Area
- Submerged Volume
- LCF
- VCB
- LCB
• Scheme
- Simpson’s 1st Rule
 2.9 Numerical Calculation
• Calculation Steps
1. Start with a picture of what you are about to integrate.
2. Show the differential element you are using.
3. Properly label your axis and drawing.
drawing
4. Write out the generalized calculus equation written in
the same symbols you used to label your picture .
5. Write out Simpson’s equation in generalized form.
6. Substitute each number into the generalized Simpson’s
equation.
equation
7. Calculate final answer.
answer
Not optional ! Always follow the above steps!
 2.9.1 Waterplane Area

y
y(x)
x
FP dx
AP

Lpp
AWP  2  dA  2 0 y ( x ) dx
area
AWP  water plane area( ft 2 )
Factor for Symmetric W.A. dA  differenti al area( ft 2 )
y ( x )  y offset(hal f - breadth) at x( ft )
dx  differenti al width( ft )
 2.9.1 Waterplane Area(cont.)
• Generalized Simpson’s Equation

x
x
FP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
AP

1
AWP  2 x y0  4 y1  2 y2  ..  
3
x  distance between stations
 2.9.2 Sectional Area
• Sectional Area : Numerical integration of half-breadth
as a function of draft

z
T
WL Asec t  2  dA  2 0 y ( z ) dz
y(z) area
T
dz Asec t  sectional area up to z ( ft 2 )
dA  differential area( ft 2 )
y y ( z )  y offset(half - breadth) at z( ft )
dz  differential width( ft )
 2.9.2 Sectional Area(cont.)
• Generalized Simpson’s equation
z
WL
8
6
z
T 4 z  distance between waterlines
2 y
0
T
Asec t  2  dA  2 
area
0
y ( z ) dz

1
 2 z y 0  4 y1  2 y2  ..  4 yn 1  yn 
3
2.9.3 Submerged Volume : Longitudinal Integration

• Submerged Volume : Integration of sectional area over

the length of ship
• Scheme z

As (x )
y
 2.9.3 Submerged Volume
• Sectional Area Curve
As
Asec t ( x )

dx x
FP AP
• Calculus equation Lpp
Vsubmerged   s   dV   Asec t ( x )dx
volume 0
• Generalized equation
1
 s  x y 0  4 y1  2 y2  ..  4 yn 1  yn 
3
x  distance between stations
2.9.3 Longitudinal Center of Floatation(LCF)

• LCF
- Centroid of waterplane area
- Distance from reference point to center of floatation
- Referenced to amidships or FP
- Sign convention of LCF

+ WL

-
+ FP
 2.9.4 LCF (cont.)
y
y(x) dA
x

FP dx
AP

• Weighted Average of Variable X

 small piece 
Average of variable X  
all X
X value  
 total 
• Moment Relation

2  xdA  2 xy ( x )dx  xdA  xy ( x )dx

x  Recall x 
AWA AWA AT AT
 2.9.4 LCF (cont.)
y
y(x)

LCF x
FP dx
AP
• LCF by weighted averaged scheme or Moment relation

xdA Lpp 2 xy ( x )
LCF  
area

AWP 0 AWP
dx

2 Lpp

AWP 0
x y ( x ) dx
 2.9.4 LCF (cont.)
• Generalized Simpson’s Equation
x6
x5
y x4
x3
x
x1 2 x x

FP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 AP

L pp
2
LCF 
AWP 
0
x y ( x ) dx
x0  0, x1  x, x2  2x, x3  ....
2 1
 x x0 y0  4 x1 y1  2 x2 y2  ..  4 xn 1 yn 1  xn yn 
A WP 3
x  distance between stations
 2.10 Curves of Forms

• Curves of Forms
- A graph shows all the geometric properties of ship
- Displacement, LCB, KB, TPI, WPA, LCF, MTI
KML and KMT are usually included.
• Assumption
- Each property has its own axis scale.
- Scale factor for each property on the common scale
is used to plot the data in one graph.
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)
• Displacement (  )
- weight of ship
- assume ship is in the salt water with ρ  1.99 (lb s2 /ft 4 )
- unit of displacement : long ton
1 long ton(LT) =2240 lb
1 short ton (ST)=2000 lb
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
• LCB
- Longitudinal center of buoyancy
- Distance in feet from reference point (FP or Amidships)
• VCB
- Vertical center of buoyancy
- Distance in feet from the Keel
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)

• TPI (Tons per Inch Immersion)

- TPI : tones required to obtain one inch of parallel sinkage
in salt water
- Parallel sinkage : the ship changes its forward and aft
draft by the same amount so that no change in trim occurs
- Trim : difference between forward and aft draft of ship

Trim  Taft  Tfwd

- Unit of TPI : LT/inch

 Where do you add/remove weight to ship to get parallel sinkage ?

 TPI

1 inch

WPA (sq. ft) 1 inch

- Assume side wall is vertical in one inch.

- TPI varies at the ship’s draft because waterplane area changes
at the draft
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)

weight required for one inch

TPI 
1 inch
Volume required for one inch   salt g

1 inch
WPA ( ft 2 )(1 inch ) 1.99lb s 2 / ft 4 32.17 ft / s 2 1 ft 1 LT

1 inch 12 inches 2240 lb
WPA ( ft 2 )  LT 
  
420  inch 

1 inch
WPA
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)

• Change in draft due to parallel sinkage

TPI : 1  w : Tps

w
Tps 
TPI
Tps  change in draft (inches)
w  amount of weight added or removed (LT)
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)
• Moment/Trim 1 inch (MT1)
- MT1 : moment to change trim one inch
- The ship will rotate about the center of floatation
when a moment is applied to it.
- The moment can be produced by adding or shifting a weight
some distance from the center of floatation.
- Unit : LT-ft/inch
- Change in trim due to a weight shift or addition FP
w l MT1”
Trim  " F
1inch
MT 1 AP
trim  total change in trim (inch )
w  amount of weight added, removed or shifted (LT)
l  distance the weight was moved or
if weight was added or removed, the distance of
weight from F
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)

• MT1 (continued)
- Since a ship is typically wider at the stern than at the
bow, center of floatation will typically be aft of
amidships.
- This means that when a ship trims, it will typically
have a greater change in the forward draft than in
the after draft.
LCF

New waterline
 2.10 Curves of Forms (cont.)

• KM L
- Distance in feet from the keel to the longitudinal metacenter
• KM T
- Distance in feet from the keel to the transverse metacenter
M
M

B
B
K AP K
FP
KM T KM L