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NON-ELASTIC
IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Presented by
Dr Aswathi s kumar
1st year MDS
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition
Requirements of an impression material
Classification
Impression Compound
Impression Plaster
Impression Wax
Conclusion
References
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INTRODUCTION
• Many dental appliances are constructed outside the patient’s mouth on models of the hard
and/or soft tissues.
• The accuracy of ‘fit’ and the functional efficiency of the appliance depends upon how well
the model replicates the natural oral tissues.
• The impression stage is the first of many stages involved in the production of dentures,
crowns , bridges, orthodontic appliances etc.
• For accurate impression there are different impression materials invented since early 1700s
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DEFINITION
Impression material –
Any substance or combination of substances used for making an impression or
negative reproduction.(GPT-9)
Impression –
A negative likeness or copy in reverse of the surface of an object; an imprint of
the teeth and adjacent structures for use in dentistry.(GPT-9)
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REQUIREMENTS OF AN
IMPRESSION MATERIAL
Fluid enough to adapt to oral tissue
Should be viscous
Set impression should not distort when removed from the mouth
Should remain dimensionally stable at least until cast can be poured
Should be biocompatible
Should be cost effective
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CLASSIFICATION
•
1.Setting Mechanism

Inelastic Elastic
Chemical reaction
(irreversible) Plaster of Paris
Zinc oxide–eugenol Alginate
Polysulfide
Polyether
Condensation silicone
Addition silicone
Thermally induced
physical reaction
(reversible) Impression compound Agar
wax
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IMPRESSION PLASTER
ADA NO :25
Type 1 gypsum
Oldest
Mucostatic impression material
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USES
• To record completely edentulous arches
• To record details of flabby ridge(window technique)
• Used as bite registration material
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COMPOSITION

• Beta calcium sulphate hemihydrate

• Potassium sulphate
• Borax
• Alizarin red
• Flavoring agent
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MANIPULATION
I. Proportioning and Mixing II. Impression making
• Mixing in rubber bowl using stiff wide • Freshly mixed plaster is used in a special
spatula tray using a spacer
• w/p ratio : 0.4-0.75 • As a wash impression in a preliminary
• Fluid mix to enable fine details compound impression
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III. Pouring IV. Disinfection

• Pores in plaster must be sealed • Immersed for 20 min in 2% ID210
• Separating media :Alcoholic solution of solution
varnishes or lacquer, liquid paraffin are
used
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PROPERTIES
Setting time and setting expansion Accuracy
• Determined by modifiers added • Allows intimate contact combined with
• Controlled by operator : ability to remove moisture results in
minimal dimensional change and very
w/p ratio - ST SE accurate impression
Spatulation time - ST SE
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Storage Rigidity
• Exposed to air under high relative humidity • After setting plaster impression is very
will absorb water brittle

• Cause crystals of calcium sulphate

dihydrate to form on the surface of
hemihydrate crystals

Advantage
• Hydrophilic and thin consistency
• Minimal dimensional stability
• Cost minimal
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Disadvantage
• Unpleasant taste
• Dry sensation in patient mouth
• Brittle in nature
• Irritate underlying soft tissue
• Separation from cast is difficult
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Commercially available
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IMPRESSION COMPOUND

• ADA Specification no:3

• Also called modelling plastic impression material
• Rigid, thermoplastic, mucocompressive material
• Two types
1.type 1:lower fusing material
2. type2 :high fusing material
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USES
• Edentulous arch impression
• To obtain peripheral seal
• To obtain fit of stock tray
• Copper band impression
• In operative dentistry
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• SUPPLIED IN THE FORM OF SHEETS AND STICKS

1.Rectangular /circular cake : 5-7.5 cm wide and 0.65cm thick

2.sticks:10cm long and 1cm in diameter
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COMPOSITION
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MANIPULATION
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PROPERTIES
1:Fusion temperature
Temperature at which the material looses its hardness or brittleness on heating or forms
a rigid mass upon cooling
Practically it indicates a definite reduction in plasticity during cooling
On heating above 43.50C material continues to soften
At about 55-600C impression can be taken
Glass transition temperature: material loses its hardness or brittleness on heating -39 oC
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2: Thermal conductivity
Is very low
Material should be uniformly soft at time it is placed in the tray
Also cool the material thoroughly in the tray before the impression is withdrawn from the
mouth
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3: Coefficient of thermal expansion

High due to presence of resins and waxes
Average linear contraction from mouth temperature to room temperature of 250C may vary
between 0.3 %- 0.4%
Error can be reduced by
1:second impression
2:spray cool water
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• 4:Flow
• After the compound has softened a continuous flow is desired.
• Flow at this stage is the function of temperature and of composition of the compound
• Flow of impression compound as required by
ADA specification no 3,
Flow at 37ºC at 45ºC
• Type I 6% or less 85% or more
• Type II 2% or less between 70 and 85%
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5 Viscosity
• Most viscous of impression material
• 100 times greater than light body elastomer
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• 6;Distortion
Relaxation of the impression compound can occur in a comparatively short time, especially
with an increase in temperature. The result is warping or distortion of the impression
minimizing distortion
1:to allow thorough cooling of the impression before removal from the mouth
2:to construct the cast or die as soon as possible after the impression has been
obtained—at least within the first hour.
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• Three factors combine to produce significant internal stresses within the Impression
compound
(1) The high value of coefficient of thermal expansion.
(2) The poor thermal conductivity.
(3) The relatively large temperature drop from the softening temperature to room temperature.
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TRADE NAME:

• DPI(Pinnacle)
• Kerr
• High flex
• Y –dent
• Pyrax
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PRECAUTION

• Not be allowed to boil or ignite • Avoid incorporating water while kneading

• Prolonged immersion in water bath not • Removal of impression only after it has
indicated completely hardened
• Overheating leads to sticky compound • Avoid too hot water during cast separation

advantage
• Non irritant and non toxic
• Reusable and economical
• Can be added and readapted
• Long shelf life about 5 years
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disadvantage
• Poor dimensional stability
• Poor surface details
• Poor conductor of heat and large CTE
• Cannot be used with undercuts
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DISINFECTION
• 2% glutaraldehyde solution, sodium hypochlorite and iodophors
• Impression is immersed rinsed and poured
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ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL

IMPRESSION PASTE
• ADA Specification No :16
• Mucostatic ,inelastic, chemically setting impression material
• Uses
i. Cementing medium
ii. Surgical dressing
iii. Temporary filling material and root canal filling
iv. Bite registration paste
v. Temporary relining material for denture
vi. Impression material for edentulous mouth
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SETTING REACTION
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COMPOSITION
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BASE PASTE

Zinc oxide Fixed vegetable or mineral oil

• Reactive ingredient • Act as plasticizer
• Type of zinc oxide is critical – should be • Aids in masking action of eugenol as
finely divided and should contain slight irritant
mount of water
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ACCELERATOR PASTE

Oil of clove Resinous balsam

• Contain 70-80% eugenol
• Reduces burning sensation in soft tissue
Gum or polymerized rosin
• Facilitate speed of the reaction and a
smoother homogenous product results
• Increase flow and improve mixing
properties
Accelerator
• Calcium chloride, zinc acetate, primary
alcohol and glacial acetic acid
• Fasten the normally slow setting reaction
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PROPERTIES
I. Setting time
• According to ADA specification no 16
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Factors controlling setting time

i. Particle size of zinc oxide powder
ii. Varying length of two paste
iii. Accelerators and retarders
iv. High atmospheric temperature and humidity
v. Longer mixing time
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II. Consistency and flow

• Should be homogenous and should flow uniformly against the tissue
• Thick consistency can compress the tissue
• Requirement for consistency according to ADA specification no 16
 Type 1 between 30-50mm
 Type II between 20 -40 mm
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III. Rigidity and strength

• Compressive strength of hardened ZOE is 7 Mpa 2 hours after mixing
• Set material may distort or fracture when removed over undercuts
IV. Dimensional stability
• Quite satisfactory
• Negligible shrinkage less than 0.1% at the end 30 min after mixing
V. Reproduction of details
• Low initial viscosity with good flow allows fine details to be recorded in the impression
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MANIPULATION
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TRADE NAME

Trade name
• DPI Impression paste
• Coe flow
• Cavex outline
• Septodent impression paste
• SS white impression paste
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DISINFECTION
• 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution.
• The impressions should be immersed in this solution for the required time, rinsed, and
poured immediately
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Surgical paste
Non eugenol paste
• After gingivectomy ZOE surgical paste
• Zinc oxide react with various carboxylic placed over the wound
acid form zinc oxide like materials -To aid in retention of medicament
• Orthoethoxy benzoic acid(EBA) :eugenol - To protect the wound
substitute - To promote healing
• ZnO +2RCOOH (RCOO)2Zn+H2O • Generally slower and softer in their
setting reaction in comparison with
• Reaction cannot affected by temperature impression paste
and humidity
• Bactericides and medicaments can be added
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Bite registration paste

• Used for recording the occlusal relationship
• Offers no resistance to closing the
mandible allowing more accurate recording
• More stable than with wax
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IMPRESSION WAX
• Waxes were first used in dentistry in the early 18th century for the purpose of recording
impression of edentulous mouth
• ADA Specification no 4
• Mouth temperature wax
• Mucocompressive
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COMPOSITION
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I. corrective impression wax

 Used as a wax veneer over an original impression to contact and register the details of soft tissue

 Used to record non undercut edentulous portion of mouth

 100% flow at 370C

 Subjected to distortion during removal from mouth

 Eg : iowa wax , korrecta wax
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II. Bite registration wax

• U shaped thin sheets
• Used to record occlusal relationship of the
opposite quadrants
• Flow at 370C is 2.5%-22%
• Eg Aluwax
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PROCEDURE
• Wax is softened
• Patient is asked to bite
• Taken out and place in chilled water
• Indentation thus formed are used to place
cast in position
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I . Thermal properties
1.Melting range
• Waxes consists of several types of
molecules with different molecular weight
so have melting range
• Paraffin wax 440C – 620C
• Carnauba wax 500C-900C
PROPERTIES
2.Thermal expansion
• Expand when subjected to a rise in
temperature and contracts as temperature
decreased
• Have largest CTE 150-400ppm/0c
3.Thermal conductivity
• All waxes are poor conductors of heat
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PROPERTIES

Mechanical properties
• Determined by the amount of hydrocarbon and esters present ,by the molecular weight
distribution of each component and by amount of impurities
Flow
• Exhibit high flow at the mouth temperature and distort on withdrawal from undercut
Internal stress
• Have low thermal conductivity so difficult to achieve uniform heating
• If molded without adequate heat stresses will be set in the material
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TRADE NAMES
• Iowa wax :white; developed by Dr Earl S
Smith
• Korecta wax no:4:orange ;
Dr O.C Applegate
• H l physiologic wax :yellow-white
Dr C.S Harkins
• Adaptol : green - Nathan G Kaye
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CONCLUSION
• In spite of several drawbacks and disadvantages inelastic impression materials are still being
used in prosthodontics because of their versatility like usage as tray material and impression
material as well
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REFERENCE
• Anusavice K.J –”Phillips Science of Dental Materials 11th edition”
• Phillips R.W –”Skinners Science of Dental Materials” 9th edition
• Mc Cabe J.F.-Applied Dental Materials 7th edition
• William J O'Brien “Dental material and their selection”4th edition