Do Now

You’re watching March Madness on TV

and you hear the announcer describe a
certain team as having “momentum.”

What do they mean?

1
Momentum – Mass in Motion

Momentum is dependent on:

 How much stuff is moving (mass)
 How fast the stuff is moving (velocity)

2
Linear Momentum (p)

p=mv

product of object’s mass & velocity

is a vector (same direction as velocity)
units [kg m/s]

3
Which has more momentum?
VELOCITY velocity

4
Which has more momentum?
MASS mass

5
Think About It

How can we change an object’s

momentum?

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Changing Momentum (Dp)

to change an object’s momentum

requires a change in an object’s velocity

changing velocity = acceleration

acceleration requires a net force

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Changing Momentum (Dp)
Momentum
p =mv
Impulse – change in momentum

Dp =mDv

8
Example
A 15000 kg truck going 25m/s comes to a
stop. What is its change in momentum?

9
Impulse & Newton’s 2nd Law

F  ma
v
F m
t
Ft  mv 10
The Impulse Momentum
Theorem

Ft  mv
J = F Δt
The impulse of the force acting on
an object equals the change in
momentum of that object

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The Impulse Momentum
Theorem

The impulse imparted by a force during

the time interval Dt is equal to the area
under the force-time graph from the
beginning to the end of the time interval.
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Do Now Dp =mDv
Which requires more impulse:
 a car that crashes into a wall and comes to
a stop
 a car that crashes into a wall and bounces
off going in the opposite direction

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Example
A 0.145 kg baseball pitched at 37.0 m/s is hit
back toward the pitcher at 52.0 m/s.

If the force exerted on the ball is 13000 N,

calculate how long the ball was in contact
with the bat.

14
Example 1
A a 1500 kg automobile going 15 m/s collides
with a wall and bounces off going in the
opposite direction at 2.6m/s. If the collision
lasts for 0.150s:
a) find the impulse due to the collision and
b) the force exerted on the automobile

15
Collisions & Explosions

Conservation of Momentum

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6 is moving & 7 is stationary
Predict what will happen
after they collide?

7
6
17
 Draw the FBD
of the two pool balls as they collide -
ignore friction.

7
6

18
 Fnorm Fnorm

Fapp 7 Fapp
6

Fg Fg
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 Newton’s 3rd Law:
Fapp are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction

…so what happens to #6

& what happens to #7 ?

Fapp 7 Fapp
6
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Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of an isolated**
system of objects is conserved
regardless of the nature of the forces
between the objects

**Isolated = no forces act on the system

from outside the system

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Conservation of Momentum
Collisions & Explosions

During a collision or explosion, the total

momentum of the system is always conserved
unless an external force acts.

Sum of the momenta in the system is constant

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Conservation of Momentum
Collisions & Explosions

Types of Collisions
1. Elastic collision: objects rebound, KE is also
conserved
2. Inelastic collision: objects rebound, some KE is
lost
3. Perfectly inelastic collision: objects stick
together, some KE is lost

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What type of collision is this?

24
What type of collision is this?

25
What type of collision is this?

26
Astronaut Catch

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Astronaut Catch

p in itia l  p fin a l
'
m 1v1  m 2 v 2  ( m 1  m 2 ) v1,2
28
Example
Two balls roll toward each other. The
red ball has a mass of 0.5 kg and a
speed of 4 m/s just before impact. The
green ball has a mass of 0.3 kg and a
speed of 2 m/s. After the head-on
collision, the red ball continues forward
with a speed of 2 m/s.
Find the speed of the green ball after
the collision
Was the collision elastic? 29
Example
Two balls roll toward each other. The
red ball has a mass of 0.5 kg and a
speed of 4 m/s just before impact. The
green ball has a mass of 0.3 kg and a
speed of 2 m/s. If the collision is
completely inelastic:
Determine the velocity of the composite
object after the collision.
30
Example 1 - Collisions
An 1800-kg Cadillac sedan stopped at a traffic
light is struck from the rear by a 900-kg
compact car moving with a velocity of +20
m/s. The two cars become entangled as a
result of the collision. What is the velocity of
the tangled mess after the collision?

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Example 2 - Collisions
If two balls of mud (one 0.5 kg mud
ball moving +4 m/s and the other 0.25
kg mud ball moving at -3 m/s) collide
head on in a perfectly inelastic collision,
find the velocity of the composite mud
ball after the collision.

32
Example 3 - Collisions
The head of a 200-g golf club is
traveling at 55 m/s just before it strikes
a stationary 46-g golf ball on a tee.
After the collision, the club head travels
(in the same direction) at 40 m/s. Find
the speed of the golf ball just after
impact.

33
Do Now
A 6 kg rifle fires an 8 g bullet with a
muzzle velocity of 800 m/s.
 What is the initial momentum of the rifle/bullet
“system?”
 What is the final momentum of the rifle/bullet
“system?”
 What is the velocity of the rifle?

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 How can momentum be conserved
for the rifle/shooter “system?”

pbullet
Prifle & man
35
How can momentum be conserved
for an exploding bowling ball?

36
Example 4 - Ballistic Pendulum
A 5 gram bullet strikes and becomes
embedded in a 2 kg ballistic pendulum
initially at rest. If the pendulum rises
0.5 meters above its initial height, what
was the velocity of the bullet?

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2-D Collisions
Momentum is conserved in all collisions
when no external forces are acting
 When solving 2-D problems, you must sum
momenta in the x & y directions separately

Spix = Spfx Spiy= Spfy

38
2-D Collisions

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 Example 7 – Car Crash
Two automobiles of equal mass approach an
intersection. One vehicle is traveling with velocity
13m/s toward the east and the other is traveling north
with speed v2. The vehicles collide in the intersection
and stick together, leaving parallel skid marks at an
angle of 55 degrees north of east. The speed limit for
both roads is 18 m/s and the driver of the northward-
moving vehicle claims he was within the speed limit
when the collision occurred. Is he telling the truth?

40
 Momentum

• Linear momentum: measure of amount of

inertia (p = mv)
• Angular Momentum
L = Iω L = angular momentum
I = moment of inertia
ω = angular velocity
 Angular Impulse

• Change in angular momentum

τt = Iωf – Iωi τ = torque
t = time
I = moment of inertia
ωf = final angular velocity
ωi = initial angular velocity
 Linear/rotational
comparison
Linear Motion Rotational Motion

F = ma τ = Iα

p = mv L = Iω

Ft = mvf – mvi τt = Iωf – Iωi

 Conservation of
Angular Momentum

• The angular momentum of a system

remains unchanged unless an external
torque acts on it
• Spinning ice skater
– Arms extended, inertia is larger, velocity is
smaller
– Pull arms in tight, inertia decreases,
velocity increases