Pardeep Kumar Roll No.

- 29

Construction of wave functions

Symmetric and Anti-symmetric

Submitted to:- Presented by:-

Dr. Amrik Singh Sir Pardeep Kumar

Department of Physics Roll No.= 200580160029

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 CONTENTS-
 Introduction
 Indentical Particles
 Two Indentical Particles system
 Symmetric and Anti-symmetric wave functions
 Construction of Symmetric and Anti-symmetric wave functions
 Refercences

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 WOLFGANG PAULI • Nationality- Germany

(25 April,1900-15 December 1958)
May, 2021
• Known for-1.Pauli Exclusion Principles
2.Pauli-Villars regularization
3.Pauli Matrices, Pauli group
4.Massive gravity
• Awards-1.Lorentz Medal (1931)
2.Nobel Prize (1945)
3.Max Planck Medal (1958)
• Fields of Study-1.Theoretical Physics
2.Mathematical Physics
• Books-1.Theory of Relativity
2.Wave Mechanics
3.Psiche e natura
4.Fisica e conoscenza
M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 INTRODUCTION
Identical Particles
Particles having same intrinsic properties.
Eg.- Elections,Protons

Symmetric wave functions Anti-symmetric wave functions

Ψ(r1,r2) = Ψ(r2,r1) Ψ(r1,r2) = -Ψ(r2,r1)

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 INDETICAL PARTICLES:-
• Two Particles are Indentical if their all intrinsic
properties (mass,spin,charge,magnetic moment,etc.)
are same.
• No experiment distinguished them (Indistinguishable)
• Such particles can have different physical properties (
Momentum,engergy, Angular momentum)

Photons Symmetric state

Examples
Electrons,Proton,N Antisymmetric
eutron state

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.-29

• Indentical Particles
• In classical Mechanics:-
• In Classical Mechanics all Indentical
particles are distinguishable, because
we can keep track of tracktory of the
particles by marking 1 and 2.
• Even we never know which particles
enter the detector afer collision.

• In quantum mechanics:-
Wave functions of
Indentical particles
are
indistinguishable

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU Sirsa

 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29
 TWO INDENTICAL PARTICLES
SYSTEM:-
• Consider Two Indentical Particles is r1,r2 position at time t,in a system

EΨ=HΨ

Probability

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

SYMMETRIC AND ANTI-SYMMETRIC WAVE

FUNCTIONS:-
when we interchange the position of ith and jth particles,
the probability density
remains same.
|Ψ(r1,r 2,r3…ri… |Ψ(r1,r 2,r3…rj…

rj ..r n)| 2 = ri ...r n)|2

Taking the square root of above equation:-
Ψ(r1,r 2,r3…ri… -Ψ(r1,r 2,r3…rj…ri
+

rj ..r n)
=
...r n)
It is represents there is 2 wave functions.
1. Symmetric wave functions
2. Antisymmetric wave function
May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 SYMMETRIC WAVE FUNCTIONS:-

A wave functions of Indentical Particles is
symmetric if the interchange of any pair of
particles among itsΨ(r
argument leave the wave
1,r2) = Ψ(r2,r1)
functions unchanged.

General solution

Ψsyn=1/√2{Ψ(r1,r2)+Ψ(r2,r1)}

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• Particles with integral spin, have Symmetric state:-

si = 0ħ,1ħ,2ħ….

• Examples:- Bose Particles or Bosons,α-Particles

Bosons
1. Obey Bose-Einstine Statisics
Bosons 2. Spin=0,1,2,3,….
3. Symmetric wave functions
4. Example:-Photons

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 ANTISYMMETRIC WAVE
FUNCTIONS:-
A wave functions of Indentical Particles is
Anti-Symmetric if interchange of any pair of
particles among its arguments change the sign
Ψ(r1,r2) = -Ψ(r2,r1)
of wave function.

General solution

Ψasyn= 1/√2{Ψ(r1,r2)-Ψ(r2,r1)}

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• Particles with half-odd-integral spin,have anti

symmetric State:-
si = 1ħ/2 ,3ħ/2 …

• Example:- Fermi-Particles or Fermions.

Fermions
1. Obey Fermi-Drac statistics
Fermions 2. Obey Pauli Exclusion Principle
3. Spin= 1/2 ,3/2 ,5/2..
4. Antisymmetric wave functions
5. Example:-Electron,Proton,Neutron

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

 CONSTRUCTION OF SYMMETRIC
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

AND ANTISYMMETRIC WAVE

• FUNCTIONS:-
These wave functions can be constructed by
Exchange Degeneracy.
• Time independent Schroedinger’s eqn . :-
H(1,2,3,…n)ɸ(1,2,3,…n)=Eɸ(1,2,3,…n)
• There are n! Eigen functions derived from ɸ(1,2,3,…
n). By means Of permutation of its arguments
belonging to same Eigen Value E (Degeneracy)
• For Two Particles Wave functions Schroedinger’s
eqn:-
H(1,2)Ψ(1,2)=EΨ(1,2)
May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• This eqn has 2!=2 Solution of the eqn are Ψ(1,2) and
Ψ(2,1)
• Symmetric wave functions:-
Ψs=1/√2.{Ψ(1,2)+Ψ(2,1)}
• Anti-symmetric wave functions:-
ΨA=1/√2.Ψ(1,2)-Ψ(2,1)
• Similarly:-
• For 3 Particles system, Schroedinger’s eq n:-
H(1,2,3)Ψ(1,2,3)=EΨ(1,2,3)
• The eqn has 3!=6 Eigen solutions:-
Ψ(1,2,3),Ψ(2,3,1),Ψ(3,2,1),Ψ(1,3,2),Ψ(2,1,3),Ψ(3,1,2)
May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• Wave Functions in which even number of interchange of

pair of Particles:-
Ψ(1,2,3),Ψ(2,3,1),Ψ(3,1,2)
• Wave Functions in which odd number of interchange of
pair of Particles:-
Ψ(1,3,2),Ψ(2,1,3),Ψ(3,2,1)
• Symmetric wave functions:-

Ψs=1/√6.{Ψ(1,2,3)+Ψ(2,3,1)+Ψ(3,1,2)+Ψ(1,3,2)+Ψ(2,1,3)+Ψ(3,2,1)}

• Antisymmetric wave functions:-

ΨA=1/√6.[{Ψ(1,2,3)+Ψ(2,3,1)+Ψ(3,1,2)-{Ψ(1,3,2)+Ψ(2,1,3)+Ψ(3,2,1)}]

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 REFERENCES:-
1.Quantum Mechanics: Nouredine Zettlii
2.Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: L.I. Schiff
3.Quantum Mechanics: Satya Parkash & Swati Saluja
4.Quantum Mechanics: H.C. Verma
5.The Principle of Quantum Mechanics: P.A.M.Dirac
6.Quantum Mechanics: David J. Griffiths
7.NPTEL- Quantum Mechanics Classes By:-
Prof. P. Ramadevi- IIT BOMBAY

May, 2021 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

THANK YOU
March, 2021. M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.