METHODS OF RESEARCH

MR. ELVIRO H. BACALANMO, MAEd

 RELATED LITERATURE
• Composed of discussions of facts and
principles to which the present study is related

• Materials which are usually printed and found

in books, encyclopedias, professional journals,
magazines, newspapers, and other
publications
IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES,
AND FUNCTIONS OF
RELATED LITERATURE
1. It helps or guides the researcher in searching for or
selecting a better research problem or topic
2. It helps the investigator understand his topic or research
better.
3. It ensures that there will be no duplication of other
studies.
4. It provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the
planned research
5. It gives the researcher a feeling of confidence
6. It provides information about the research methods used
7. It provides findings and conclusions of past investigations
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RELATED LITERATURE
MATERIALS
1.The surveyed materials must be as recent
as possible
2.Materials reviewed must be objective and
unbiased
3.Materials surveyed must be relevant to the
study
4.Surveyed materials must have been based
upon genuinely original and true facts or
data to make them valid and reliable.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
• Visit the school library or other libraries
in the vicinity. Browse over books,
magazines, journals, etc. Be patient.
• Do a computer-aided search through an
electronic database.
–Google Scholar
–Website of journals; Botanicus
• Ask for reprints from experts
• Take down notes on index card or research
notebook. Begin organizing your notes by
devising sections and headings such as:
a.General Information
b.Methods in other studies
c. Support for Objectives 1 and 2.
d.Results to compare with mine.
e.Pros and cons of controversy
• Write all bibliographic information, i.e., author(s),
complete title, publisher, date and place of
publication, and so on
• PARAPHRASE!
HOW TO WRITE THE
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
• Use headings arranged in logical order to
indicate main points
• Avoid too long introduction to your main topic.
• Include information that are directly related
• and relevant to your topic.
• A maximum of half-page (double-space) must
constitute one paragraph
• Do not copy in toto the information from your
source. No more than 10% of the entire paper
is allowed for direct quotation.
• Give due credit to the real source of your
data. Cite the authors at the end of the
sentence. How?
• Paraphrase using your own words and style
the data gathered.
• Summarize important points from your
sources and relate them to your topic.
• Reinforce your data with selected figures or
• statistics from your course.