Chapter 3:

Elements, Compounds,
and the Periodic Table

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature

of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
 Modern Periodic Table
with group labels and chemical families identified

Actinides
Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 2
 Ions & Ionic Compounds
Ions
▪ Transfer of 1 or more electrons from 1 atom to
another
▪ Form electrically charged particles
Ionic compound
▪ Compound composed of ions
▪ Formed from metal & nonmetal
▪ Infinite array of alternating Na+ & Cl− ions
Formula unit
▪ Smallest neutral unit of ionic compound
▪ Smallest whole-number ratio of ions
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 3
 Formation of Ionic Compounds
Metal + Non-metal ⎯→ ionic compound
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ⎯→ 2NaCl(s)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 4

 Ionic Compounds
Cations
▪ Positively charged ions
▪ Formed from metals
▪ Atoms lose electrons
Ex. Na has 11 e– & 11 p+ Na+ has 10 e– & 11 p+
Anions
▪ Negatively charged ions
▪ Formed from non-metals
▪ Atoms gain electrons
Ex. Cl has 17 e– & 17 p+ Cl– has 16 e– & 17 p+

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 5

 Experimental Evidence for Ions

Electrical conductivity requires charge movement

Ionic compounds:
▪ Do not conduct electricity in solid state
▪ Do conduct electricity in liquid & aqueous states
where ions are free to move
Molecular compounds:
▪ Do not conduct electricity in any state
▪ Molecules are comprised of uncharged particles
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 6
 Ions of Representative Elements
▪ Can use periodic table to predict ion charges

▪ When we use North American numbering of

groups: Cation positive charge = group #

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 7

Ions of Representative Elements
▪ Noble gases are especially stable
Nonmetals
▪ Negative (−) charge on anion = # spaces you
have to move to right to get to noble gas
▪ Expected charge on O is
▪ Move 2 spaces to right N O F Ne
▪ O2–
▪ What is expected charge on N?
▪ Move 3 spaces to right
▪ N3 –
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 8
Rules For Writing Ionic Formulas
1. Cation given first in formula
2. Subscripts in formula must produce
electrically neutral formula unit
3. Subscripts must be smallest whole numbers
possible
▪ Divide by 2 if all subscripts are even
▪ May have to repeat several times
4. Charges on ions not included in finished
formula unit of substance
▪ If no subscript, then 1 implied

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 9

 Determining Ionic Formulas
Ex. Formula of ionic compound formed when
magnesium reacts with oxygen
▪ Mg is group 2A
▪ Forms +2 ion or Mg2+
▪ O is group 6A
▪ Forms –2 ion or O2–
▪ To get electrically neutral particle need
▪ 1:1 ratio of Mg2+ & O2–
▪ Formula: MgO

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 10

 Determining Ionic Formulas
“Criss-cross” rule
▪ Make magnitude of charge on one ion into
subscript for other
▪ When doing this, make sure that subscripts are
reduced to lowest whole number.

Ex. What is the formula of ionic compound

formed between aluminum & oxygen ions?

Al3+ O2– Al2O3

11

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula for
the formula unit composed of potassium and
oxygen ions?
A.KO
B.KO2
C.K2O
D.P2O3
E.K2O2

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula for
the formula unit composed of Fe3+ and sulfide
ions?
A.FeS
B.Fe3S2
C.FeS3
D.Fe2S3
E.Fe4S6

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Cations of Transition Metals
Transition metals
▪ Center (shorter) region of periodic table
▪ Much less reactive than group 1A & 2A
▪ Still transfer electrons to nonmetals to form ionic
compounds
▪ # of electrons transferred less clear
▪ Form more than 1 positive ion
▪ Can form more than 1
compound with same non-metal
Ex. Fe + Cl
FeCl2 & FeCl3
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 14
Cations of Post-transition Metals
Post-transition metals
▪ 9 metals Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Uut, Uuq, Uub
▪ After transition metals & before metalloids
▪ 2 very important ones – tin (Sn) & lead (Pb)
▪ Both have 2 possible oxidation states
▪ Both form 2 compounds with same nonmetal
Ex. Ionic compounds of tin & oxygen are
▪ SnO & SnO2
▪ Bismuth
▪ Only has +3 charge
▪ Bi3+
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 15
Ions of Some Transition Metals &
Post-transition Metals

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 16

 Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Binary compounds
▪ Compounds formed from 2 different elements
Polyatomic ions
▪ Ions composed of 2 or more atoms linked by
molecular bonds
▪ If ions are negative, they have too many electrons
▪ If ions are positive, they have too few electrons
▪ Formulas for ionic compounds containing
polyatomic ions
▪ Follow same rules as ionic compounds
▪ Polyatomic ions are expressed in parentheses

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 17

Table 3.4 Polyatomic Ions
(Alternate Name in
parentheses)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 18

 Learning Check
Ex. What is the formula of the ionic compound
formed between ammonium and phosphate
ions?
▪ Ammonium = NH4+
▪ Phosphate = PO43–
(NH4)+ (PO4)3– (NH4)3PO4
Ex. Between strontium ion and nitrate ion?
▪ Strontium = Sr2+
▪ Nitrate = NO3–
Sr2+ (NO3)– Sr(NO3)2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 19
 Nomenclature (Naming)
▪ IUPAC system to standardize name of chemical
compounds
▪ One system so that anyone can reconstruct
formula from name
▪ We will look at naming Ionic Compounds of
▪ Representative metals
▪ Transition metals
▪ Monatomic ions
▪ Polyatomic ions
▪ Hydrates

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 20

 Naming Ionic Compounds
Cations:
▪ Metal that forms only 1 positive ion
▪ Cation name = English name for metal
▪ Na+ sodium
▪ Ca2+ calcium
▪ Metal that forms more than 1 positive ion
▪ Use Stock System
▪ Cation name = English name followed by numerical
value of charge written as Roman numeral in
parentheses (no spaces)
▪ Transition metal
▪ Cr2+ chromium(II) Cr3+ chromium(III)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 21
 Naming Ionic Compounds
Anions:
▪ Monatomic anions named by adding
“–ide” suffix to stem name for element

▪ Polyatomic ions use names in Table 3.5

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 22

 Learning Check: Name The
Following
▪ K2O potassium oxide
▪ NH4ClO3 ammonium chlorate

▪ Mg(C2H3O2)2 magnesium acetate

chromium(III) oxide
▪ Cr2O3
zinc bromide
▪ ZnBr2

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 23

Learning Check: Determine The
Formula
▪ Calcium hydroxide
▪ Ca(OH)2
▪ Manganese(II) bromide
▪ MnBr2
▪ Ammonium phosphate
▪ (NH4)3PO4
▪ Mercury(I) nitride
▪ (Hg2)3N2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 24
 Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A. copper sulfide
B. copper(II) sulfide
C. copper(II) sulfate
D. copper(I) sulfide
E. copper(I) sulfite

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for ammonium sulfite?
a) NH4SO3
b) (NH4)2SO3
c) (NH4)2SO4
d) NH4S
e) (NH4)2S

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 26

 Naming Hydrates
▪ Ionic compounds
▪ Crystals contain water molecules
▪ Fixed proportions relative to ionic substance
▪ Naming
▪ Name ionic compound
▪ Give number of water molecules in formula using
Greek prefixes
mono- = 1 hexa- = 6
di- = 2 hepta- = 7
tri- = 3 octa- = 8
tetra- = 4 nona- = 9
penta- = 5 deca- = 10
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 27
 Learning Check: Naming Hydrates
▪ CaSO4 · 2H2O
▪ calcium sulfate dihydrate
▪ CoCl2 · 6H2O
▪ cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
▪ FeI3 · 3H2O
▪ iron(III) iodide trihydrate

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 28

 Your Turn!
What is the correct formula for copper(II) sulfate
pentahydrate?
A.CuSO4 · 6H2O
B.CuSO3 · 5H2O
C.CoSO4 · 4H2O
D.CoSO3 · 5H2O
E.CuSO4 · 5H2O

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 29

 Molecular Compounds
Molecules
▪ Electrically neutral particle
▪ Consists of two or more atoms
Chemical bonds
▪ Attractions that hold atoms together in molecules
▪ Arise from sharing electrons between 2 atoms
▪ Group of atoms that make up molecule behave as
single particle
Molecular formulas
▪ Describe composition of molecule
▪ Specify # of each type of atom present
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 30
 Molecules vs. Ionic Compounds
Molecules
▪ Discrete unit
▪ Water = 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom
Ionic Compounds
▪ Ions packed as close as possible to each other
▪ Sodium chloride =
Each cation has 6
anions; each anion
has 6 cations
▪ No one ion “belongs”
to another

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 31

 Molecular Compounds
▪ Formed when nonmetals combine
▪ C + O2 ⎯→CO2 2H2 + O2 ⎯→2H2O
▪ Millions of compounds can form from a few non-
metals
▪ Organic chemistry & Biochemistry
▪ Deal with chemistry of carbon + H, N & O
▪ A few compounds have only 2 atoms
▪ Diatomics: H2, O2, Cl2, HF, NO
▪ Most molecules are far more complex
▪ Sucrose (C12H22O11) urea (CON2H4)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 32
Hydrogen-containing Compounds
Nonmetal hydrides
▪ Molecule containing nonmetal + hydrogen
▪ Number of hydrogens that combine with nonmetal =
number of spaces from nonmetal to noble gas in
periodic table
N O F Ne

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 33

 3-D Shapes of Molecules
▪ Space filling models
▪ Used to give shapes of simple nonmetal hydrides
▪ Blue = nitrogen
▪ Red = oxygen
▪ Yellow = fluorine
▪ White = hydrogen

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 34

 Organic Compounds
▪ Carbon compounds
▪ Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
▪ Originally thought these compounds only came
from living organisms
▪ Now more general
Hydrocarbons
▪ Simplest organic compounds
▪ Contain only C & H
▪ Always have ratio of atoms CnH2n+2
▪ Named using prefix designating number of C atoms
▪ All have –ane suffix
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 35
Table Hydrocarbons Belonging to the
3.8 Alkane Series

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 36

 Alkanes
▪ Boiling point increases as number of carbon
atoms increases
▪ Space filling models of alkanes
▪ Black = carbon
▪ White = hydrogen

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 37

 Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for C4H10?
A. methane
B. ethane
C. propane
D. pentane
E. butane

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Other Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
▪ Hydrocarbons with two less H’s than alkanes
▪ CnH2n
▪ Name = number prefix + ene
Ex. C2H4 = ethene (ethylene)

Alkynes
▪ Hydrocarbons with four fewer H’s than alkanes
▪ CnH2n – 2
▪ Name = number prefix + yne
Ex. C2H2 = ethyne (acetylene)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 39
 Other Organic Compounds
▪ Hydrocarbons are basic building
blocks of organic chemistry
▪ Many other classes of
compounds derived from
them
Alcohols
▪ Replace H in alkane with -OH group
▪ Name = number prefix + anol
Ex. CH3OH = methanol (methyl alcohol)
C2H5OH = ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 40
 Your Turn!
What is the name of C4H9OH?
A. hexanol
B. propanol
C. pentanol
D. tetranol
E. butanol

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Writing Formulas for Organic Compounds
Molecular formula
▪ Indicates # of each type of atom in molecule
Ex. C2H6 for ethane or C3H8 for propane
▪ Order of atoms
▪ Carbon | Hydrogen | Other atoms alphabetically
Ex. sucrose is C12H22O11
Emphasize alcohol – write OH group last
▪ C2H5OH
Structural formula
▪ Indicate how carbon atoms are connected
▪ Ethane = CH3CH3
▪ Propane = CH CH
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop CHThe Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Chemistry: 42
 Your Turn!
Octane is a hydrocarbon with 8 C atoms that is
the major component of gasoline. What is the
correct molecular formula for octane?
A.C8H14
B.C8H16
C.C8H18
D.C8H17OH
E.C8H15OH

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 43

 Your Turn!
What is the correct structural formula for octane?
a)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
b)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
c)C8H18
d)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
e)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 44

Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds
▪ Goal is a name that translates clearly into molecular
formula
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
▪ Which 2 elements present?
▪ How many of each?
Format:
▪ First element in formula
▪ Use English name
▪ Second element
▪ Use stem & append suffix –ide
▪ Use Greek number prefixes to specify how many
atoms of each element
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 45
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
1. hydrogen chloride
1 H 1 Cl HCl
2. phosphorous pentachloride
1 P 5Cl PCl5
3. triselenium dinitride
3 Se 2N Se3N2
▪ Mono always omitted on 1st element
▪ Often omitted on 2nd element unless more than
one combination of same 2 elements
Ex. Carbon monoxide CO
Carbon dioxide CO2
▪ When prefix ends in vowel similar to start of
element name, drop prefix vowel
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 46
 Learning Check: Name Each
Format:
▪ Number prefix + 1st element name
▪ Number prefix + stem + –ide for 2nd element
▪ AsF3 = arsenic trifluoride
▪ HBr = hydrogen bromide
▪ N2O4 = dinitrogen tetroxide
▪ N2O5 = dinitrogen pentoxide

▪ CO = carbon monoxide

▪ CO2 = carbon dioxide

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 47

 Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for nitrogen
triiodide?
A.N3I
B.NI3
C.NIO3
D.N(IO3)3
E.none of the above

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for P4O10?
A. phosphorus oxide
B. phosphorous decoxide
C. tetraphosphorus decoxide
D. tetraphosphorus oxide
E. decoxygen tetraphosphide

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Exceptions to Naming Binary Molecules
Binary compounds of nonmetals + hydrogen
▪ No prefixes to be used
▪ Get number of hydrogens for each nonmetal from
periodic table
▪ Hydrogen sulfide = H2S
▪ Hydrogen telluride = H2Te
Molecules with Common Names
▪ Some molecules have names that predate IUPAC
systematic names
▪ Water H2O ▪ Sucrose C12H22O11
▪ Ammonia NH3 ▪ Phosphine PH3
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 50
 Summary of Naming

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 51