RESPON KAPAL

DOSEN PENGAMPU:

SAMUEL IZAAK LATUMAHINA, ST., MT

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERKAPALAN

UNIVERSITAS SEMBILANBELAS NOVEMBER KOLAKA
 RESPON KAPAL
Ship Response Modeling
• Spring-mass-damping F cos( t )
k b
m

modeling
• Heave of ship
F cos( w t ) :
m exiting force due to wave

damping Additional Buoyancy Force

kz  gAw z
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Encounter Frequency

- Motion created by exciting force in the spring-mass-damper

system is dependant on the magnitude of exciting force (F) and
frequency (w).
F 1
z
k 2 2 2 2
  
1      4 b 1    
   n    2m     
 n  n
 

- Motion of ship to its excitation in waves is the same as one of

the spring-mass-damper system.
- Frequency of exciting force is dependent on wave frequency,
ship speed, and ship’s heading.
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Encounter Frequency
Wave

Crest
direction V
  90
V
V   45
  180  0

 e  encounter freqency
 w 2 V cos   w  wave freqency
e w  V  ship speed (ft/s)
g
  ship' s heading angle relative to
the wave direction
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• Encounter Frequency Conditions

- Head sea : A ship heading directly into the waves will meet the
successive waves much more quickly and the waves will appear
to be a much shorter period.
- Following sea : A ship moving in a following sea, the waves will
appear to have a longer period.
- Beam sea : If wave approaches a moving ship from the broadside
there will be no difference between wave period and apparent
period experienced by the ship
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Rigid Body Motion of a Ship

6 degrees of freedom pitch heave

surge roll

sway
yaw

• Translational motion : surge, sway, heave

• Rotational motion : roll, pitch, yaw
• Simple harmonic motion : Heave, Pitch and Roll
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Heave Motion

Generation of restoring force in heave

=FB FB >  >FB

Zero Resultant Force Resultant
Force
•G
DWL
•G
z
z •G DWL
•B •B
•B
Resultant
Force
CL CL CL
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Heave Motion

Restoring force in heave

• The restoring force in heave is proportional to the additional
immersed distance.
• The magnitude of the restoring force can be obtained using
TPI of the ship.
lbs 2 ft 2 1ft 1LT 1
TPI   ( 4 ) g ( 2 )  Awl ( ft )  1in  
ft s 12in 2240lb in
• Restoring force
k z  TPI  z (inch ) TPI  Awl
k  TPI
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Heave Motion

• Heave Natural frequency

k
n  : Natural frequency of spring-mass system
m

m
g
TPI TPI Awl TPI
 heave     heave 
/ g   
2 
Theave  
 heave Awl
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Roll Motion d 2z
m 2  kz  0
dt
Generation of restoring moment in roll
Creation of Internal Righting Moment d 2
I xx  k  0
dt 2

 S
 S

•G G• Z

¸ •B B •
FB
¸
FB
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Roll Motion
Equation of spring mass
• Natural Roll frequency
k d 2z
n  m 2  kz  0
m dt
Equation of ship roll motion
GM T
 roll  2
d 
I xx I xx  k  0
2
dt
• Roll Period
B  beam of ship ( ft )
2 CB
Troll   C  constant (0.35  0.55 s / ft1 / 2 )
 roll G MT (0.44 is good if unknown)
GM T  transverse metacentric height(ft)
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Roll Motion

GM T 2 CB
 roll  Troll  
I xx  roll GM T

Roll motions are slowly damped out because small wave

systems are generated due to roll, but
Heave motions experience large damping effect.
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Roll Motion
Stiff GZ curve; large GM
Righting arm

Tender GZ curve; small GM

Angle of heel (degree)

Large GM ; stiff ship  very stable (good stability)

 small period ; bad sea keeping quality

small GM ; tender ship  less stable

 large period ; good sea keeping quality
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Pitch Motion S
G
Spring Constant ( k )  MT 1'' B
FB
Mass ( m)  I yy
S
GM L G
w pitch  B
I yy FB
<Generation of pitch restoring moment>
I yy
Tpitch  ( I yy  MT 1'' for a ship)
MT 1''
Pitch moment  ; Tpitch  ; pitch accel.  BL3
barge : I yy 
(Long and slender ship has small Iyy) 12
Pitch motions are quickly damped out since large waves
are generated due to pitching.
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Resonance of Simple Harmonic Motion

Heave Pitch Roll

Amplitude

Amplitude

Amplitude
 heave  pitch  roll

e e e
• Resonance : Encounter freq.  Natural freq.
• Heave & Pitch are well damped due to large wave generation.
• Roll amplitude are very susceptible to encounter freq.
And roll motions are not damped well due to small damping.
• Resonance is more likely to occur with roll than pitch & heave.
• Thus anti-rolling devices are necessary.
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Non-Oscillatory Dynamic Response

• Caused by relative motion of ship and sea.

• Shipping Water (deck wetness) : caused by bow submergence.
• Forefoot Emergence : opposite case of shipping water where
the bow of the ship is left unsupported.
• Slamming : impact of the bow region when bow reenters into
the sea. Causes severe structural vibration.
• Racing : stern version of forefoot emergence.
Cause the propeller to leave the water and thus cause the
whole ship power to race (severe torsion and wear in shaft).
• Added Power : The effects of all these responses is to increase
the resistance.
Terima Kasih