JHI

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –CELL

By
Arun Mangattu
 Introduction
• Anatomy- Bodily structure of humans
• Physiology- Body functions
Plane & Sections
a)Sagittal
b)Frontal
c) Transverse
 Levels of structural organization of
human body
• Chemical level- 26 elements- 4 major
elements( 96%)
• Cellular level
• Tissue level
• Organ level
• System level – 12 Systems
• Organism level
 Cell
• Basic structural and functional unit of life
• Cytology
• Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, nucleus
• Protoplasm – Physical basis of life
• 1663- Robert Hook- Dead cork cell
Term cell- Small room or chamber
• Living cell- Anton Van Leeuwenhook
• Cell theory – Theodor Schwan & MJ Schliden
• Cell theory is not applicable to virus
 Shape of cells
• RBC- disc or biconcave
• Kidney tubules- Cube
• Eye/cartilage- Spherical
• Skeletal cells- Cylindrical
 Structure and functions of
cell membrane
• Extremely thin- 6-10 nm
• Lipid bi-layer and protein
• Carbohydrates- Glycolipids,
glycoproteins-cell to cell
recognition -give the cell its
immunological identity
• Lipids- Phospholipids,
cholesterol, glycolipids
• Proteins- Peripheral and
integral
 Cytoplasm
• Intracellular materials minus nucleus
• All cellular components between cell
membrane and organelles
• Cytosol & organelles
 Cytosol
• Intracellular fluid
• 55% of total cell
volume
• Water 75-99%
• Ions, glucose ,
aminoacids, protein, fat
, ATP, waste products
• Site of glycolysis
 Organelles
• Organelles, literally ‘small organs’, have
individual and highly specialized functions,
and are often enclosed in their own
membrane within the cytoplasm
• They include: the nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes and the cytoskeleton
 Centrosomes
 A centrosome is a cellular structure
involved in the process of cell
division.
 Consists centrioles at its centre
Ribosomes
• Christian René de Duve
• Suicidal bag of cells
• Disposal unit of cell
• Lysosomes are one type of secretory
vesicle with membranous walls, which
are formed by the Golgi apparatus
• Hydrolases
Mitochondria

Mitochondria are membranous, sausage-

shaped structures in the cytoplasm,
sometimes described as the ‘power house’
of the cell
The most active cell types have the
greatest number of mitochondria, e.g. liver,
muscle and spermatozoa.
Golgi apparatus
 Golgi apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of closely
folded flattened membranous sacs
• The proteins move from the endoplasmic
reticulum to the Golgi apparatus where they
are ‘packaged’ into membrane-bound vesicles
called secretory granules.
 Endoplasmic reticulum
• ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM is a
network of connected
membrane tubes. 
• Reticulum means
little net and
endoplasmic means
inside the cytoplasm
 Cytoskeleton
• This consists of an extensive network of tiny
protein fibres
• Microfilaments: These are the smallest fibres.
They provide structural support, maintain the
characteristic shape of the cell and permit
contraction, e.g. in muscle cells.
• Microtubules: These are larger contractile
protein fibres that are involved in movement of:
organelles within the cell chromosomes during
cell division cell extensions
 Cytoskeleton….
• Centrosome: This directs organisation of
microtubules within the cell. It consists of a
pair of centrioles (small clusters of
microtubules) and plays an important role
during cell division.
• Cell extensions: These project from the
plasma membrane in some types of cell and
their main components are microtubules,
which allow movement.
 Nucleus
• The most integral component of the cell is the
nucleus (plural: nuclei). It is derived from a
Latin word which means “kernel of a nut”.
• Nucleus Definition:
• A nucleus is defined as a double-membraned
eukaryotic cell organelle that contains the
genetic material.
Mitosis