LAND USE /LAND COVER CHANGES AND URBAN SPRAWL

DETECTION USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA

& SHANNON'S ENTROPY APPROACH
A CASE STUDY OF MEMARI MUNICIPALITY, BURDWAN DISTRICT, WESTBENGAL

Presented by

SANU DOLUI1 & DR. SUMANA SARKAR2

1. JRF , Department of Geography , University of Burdwan ,West Bengal
2. Assistant professor , Department of Geography , University of Burdwan( W.B)
 OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

 RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF STUDY

 FOCUS OF MY RESEARCH
 A BRIEF VIEW OF STUDY AREA
 OBJECTIVES
 METHODOLOGY & DATA RESOURCES
 INDICES DETERMINATION
 FINDINGS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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No-1
 RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF STUDY:

 Land-use and Land cover (LULC) changes are among the most important factors for
environmental change such as deforestation, urbanization and forest degradation .

 Remote sensing imagery is ideally used to monitor and detect land cover changes that
occur frequently in urban and peri-urban areas as a consequence of increasing
urbanization . These changes are ideally monitored an detected from remotely sensed
images as they are relatively up-to-date and give a panoramic view.

 Urban Sprawl or growth/expansion is one form of land use and land cover change in
which rural areas are transformed into urban area, The integration of Remote sensing
(RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) technique is an effective tool for
detecting urban sprawl and modelling .
SLIDE No-
2
MAIN FOCUS OF THIS STUDY :

This paper address the use of Indices combination with supervised classification
method to extract Urban built-up area , vegetation cover and water features from
Landsat imagery, this study uses three indices Normalized Difference Built-up
Index (NDBI), ), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Modified
Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), to draw a map of Memari
municipality from year 1990 to 2016, seeks to determine the amount of Landuse
changes in this period and to determine the impact of urbanization on Landuse
structure.

SLIDE
No-3
Figure 1 : Location Map Of Study Area (Memari
Municipality )
SLIDE No-4
A BRIEF VIEW OF STUDY AREA

The present study area of Memari Municipality is a town located Bardhaman district in
the Indian state of West Bengal. Memari is located at 23.2°N 88.12°E. It has an average
elevation of 25 metres (82 feet). MEMARI is a new town got the municipal status 1991, 25
years ago before that this area under jurisdiction of AMADPUR GRAM PANCHAYET , .
The Memari Municipality has population of 41,451 of which 20,957 are males while 20,494
are females as per report released by Census India 2011. (Source: Wikipedia)

Figure 2 : Population growth of Memari Town SLIDE No : 5

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

In every research there was some basic objective in which the researcher want to
investigate in his study area. my present paper , How we can used remote sensing
technology to detect the Landuse change. So objectives of present studies are -

 Discuss the merits and demits of different indices used in Landuse classification
Specially NDBI , MNDWI , SAVI indices .

 Accuracy assessment & analyse the land use/ land cover changes of Memari
municipality over period of time of 1990 -2016 change in Landuse/land cover area .

 Changes in built-up area are examined with the help of Shannon’s Entropy Approach

SLIDE No-6
DATA RESOURCES : Landsat-5 TM data acquired in 1990 , 2000, 2010 years
Thematic Mapper (TM) And one scene of Landsat-8 OLI image acquired 2016
were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation
and Science (EROS) Centre were downloaded, OLI collects data from nine spectral
bands. USGS provide LIT data in Geo TIFF format individually for each and band in
WGS84 UTM (ZONE 43 N) coordinate system. And fused with google earth image of
2000,2010 ,2016 for better analysis of study area .

Data Sensor type Data acquired WRS_ROW/PATH Resolution

(Meter)
LANDSAT5 Thematic mapper 1990-11-14(Nov) 44/138 30

LANDSAT5 Thematic Mapper 2000-09-11 (Nov) 44/138 30

LANDSAT5 Thematic Mapper 2010-11-05(Nov) 44/139 30

LANDSAT8 OLI/TIRS 2016-11-15(Nov) 44/139 30

SLIDE No-7
 METHODOLOGY:

Download of satellite images of study area for 1990 ( Landsat –TM5 ) ,

2000 (Landsat-TM5) & ,2010( Landsat-TM5 ) ,2016
( Landsat8-OLI/TIRS

Application of Spatial and spectral enhancement of those images

using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software
radiometric and pan -
sharpening of multispectral data

Calculate thematic indices SAVI, MNDWI , NDBI of study area

Production of LU/LC maps using correlation between

those indices
(NBBI, SAVI, MNDWI)

Calculation of areas using different indices

and
validation of indices using accuracy
SLIDE No-8
INDICES DETERMINATION : To evaluate rates of urban growth, we use
SAVI,MNDWI,NDBI indices between subsequent images of year 1990, 2000, 2010 ,2016 .

Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index ( SAVI INDEX) : Rouse et al. in 1973 suggested the
most widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to improve identifying the
vegetated areas and their condition.

NDVI= NIR (band 4) – RED (band 3) / NIR (band 4) + RED (band 3)

 But in this study we employed SAVI indices to highlight vegetation features due to its
advantage over NDVI when applied in an area with low plant cover such as the urban
areas. Brightness when vegetative cover is low.( 40%)

 The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was developed as a modification of the NDVI
to correct for the influence of soil and near infrared spectra can influence vegetation
index values.

SLIDE No-9
 This is especially problematic when comparisons are being made across different soil
types that may reflect different amounts of light in the red and near infrared wavelengths
(Huete et al., 2002). The SAVI is structured similar to the NDVI but with the addition
of a “soil brightness correction factor”

( 1+ L ) ( NIR- RED )
SAVI INDEX =
(NIR+RED+ L)

 Where NIR is the reflectance value of the near-infrared band, RED is reflectance of the
red band, and L is a correction factor and its value is dependent on the vegetation cover.
The value of L varies by the amount or cover of green vegetation: in very high
vegetation regions, L=0; and in areas with no green vegetation, L=1. Generally, an
L=0.5 works well in most situations and is the default value used.

SLIDE No-10
 SLIDE No-11
Figure 3: Changes in Vegetation Cover by SAVI INDEX
Modified Normalised Difference Water Index( MNDWI ):

 McFeeter's (1996) proposed NDWI method to delineate open water features, but extracted
water information was often mixed up with built-up land noise because built-up lands also
have positive values as water body in the NDWI-derived image.

 To remedy this problem, Xu (2005) modified the NDWI by using a middle infrared (MIR)
band in place of NIR band, if a MIR band is used instead of a NIR band, the built-up land
should have negative values while keeping the water values positive.
Therefore, in this study we employed MNDWI instead of The modified NDWI
. ( MNDWI) is Expressed as follows:

MNDWI = GREEN - MIR / GREEN + MIR

 MNDWI is more suitable for enhancing and extracting water information for water
within a background dominated by built-up land areas because of its advantage in
reducing/removing built-up land noise over the NDWI .
SLIDE No-12
 SLIDE No-13
Figure 4: Changes in water-body area By MNDWI Index
 Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)

 Zha et al. (2003) proposed the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) to
automatically map urban built-up areas & applied to map urban land in the city of
Nanjing, eastern China with 92.6 % accuracy .

 This method takes advantage of the unique spectral responses of built-up areas and
other land covers. This index highlights urban areas where there is typically a higher
reflectance in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region, compared to the near infrared
(NIR) region .

 NDBI originally developed for use with Landsat TM bands 5 and 4. The NDBI
index was produced using the NDBI of Zha et.al(2003) equation NDBI with the
equation:
NDBI = MIR -NIR/ MIR + NIR

SLIDE No-14
Figure 5: Changes in built-up area by NDBI Index SLIDE No-15
 Figure 6: 1990 Landsat-TM Figure 7: 2000, Landsat-TM

Figure : 6 & 7 supervised classification of Landsat-Tm5 image for built-up , water and
vegetation classes after Layer stacking of NDBI , MNDWI , SAVI images (1990 & 2000)
SLIDE No-16
Figure 8: 2010, Landsat –TM5 Figure 9: 2016 ,Landsat8 –OLI/TIRS

Figure : 8 & 9 supervised classification of Landsat-Tm5 image for built-up , water and
vegetation classes after Layer stacking of NDBI , MNDWI , SAVI images (2010 & 2016)

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RESULT & DISCUSSION :Increasing human intervention and unfavorable bio-climatic
environment Has led to transformation of large tracts of land into waste/bare land .to quantify
the amount of rural to urban change , Determine the changes taking place in vegetation cover ,
built-up area and water body here we compare the area of Memari municipality from 1990 to
2016 found by NDBI , MNDWI , AND SAVI indices, to understand the present scenario of
land cover change and predict Future Landuse changes through times .

  MAJOR LANDUSE/LANDCOVER TYPES

year Vegetation Percent Built-up Percentage Water body Percentage
Cover age of area of change area of change
( in hector’s) changes (in hector’s) (in hector’s)
1990 879.21 - 385.12 - 45.48 -
2000 782.45 -11.00 482.58 +25.30 42.42 -6.72
2010 628.92 -19.62 659.61 +36.68 36.18 -14.71
2016 583.17 -7.27 761.21 +15.40 33.88 -6.35
Total changes   -33.67   + 97.65   -25.50
between 1990-  
2016  
 
SLIDE No-18
Figure 10 :changes in vegetation cover Figure 11: changes in water body area

SLIDE No -19
Figure 12: changes in built-up area
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT

 In this paper accuracy assessment was carried out using 80 points obtained from 4 major
Landuse/Land types of study area , point are determined using random sampling method
to ensure an adequate representation of different land cover types within study area . Since
Images from Google Earth with high spatial resolution are free for public and can be used
directly in land use mapping in small geographical extend . For the present study of Memari
municipality for accuracy assessment A random set of points is generated for the area and
then using the Google Earth the value for each point is identified .

 After image is classified, generating a set of random 80 points was done in Arc -Map
(Toolbox >>> Data Management Tools >>> Feature Class >>>
Create Random Points >>> create extract values to points. Then the value of each random
. points were identifying from Google Earth image.

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 Figure :13 Figure :14

Figure : Generating random point in Arc-map( fig:13) & opening the points in Google earth (fig:14 )

SLIDE No -21
Class Name References Classified Number Producers User Kappa
Total total correct Accuracy Accuracy
(%) (%)

Built-up land 23 23 19 82.60 82.60 0.83

Vegetation cover 21 25 21 100.00 84.00 0.92
Water body 16 14 14 87.50 100 0.94
Bare /exposed soil 20 18 17 85.00 94.44 0.90

Total 80 80 71
Overall Accuracy 88.75
Overall all Kappa 0.89

Figure 13 : Table for Accuracy assessment of 2016 Landsat8 image

RESULT : Assessment of classification accuracy of 2010 and 2016 images was carried out
to determine the quality of information derived from the data . The achieved overall
classification accuracies were 85.32% and 88.75% and overall kappa statistics were 0.8637
and 0.8930 respectively for the classification of 2010 and 2016 images. ( only 2016
Landsat8 images classification table of accuracy assessment area given for example )

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Shannon’s Entropy Approach :

The most efficient and commonly used approach in urban sprawl studies is to integrate
Shannon’s Entropy with GIS tools. In this study, in order to examine the spatial expansion of
the built-up areas during the four time periods, Shannon's entropy along with GIS tools was
applied to measure the sprawl during the study periods. Shannon’s entropy measures the
degree of spatial concentration and dispersion on the surface of area of study Shannon’s
entropy is calculated by the following equation (Yeh and Xia, 2001):

Hn ͎̅̅

where; Pi = Proportion of the variable in the ith zone (proportion of built up area in wards
to the total built up area for a given period) . n = Total number of zones. The value of the
Shannon’s Entropy is between 0 and log n. 0 means very dense urban areas whereas log n
indicates urban sprawl areas
SLIDE No- 23
 Shannon’s entropy
3

2.5

2
VALUE

1.5

0.5

0
1990 2000 2010 2016

YEAR’S

Figure 15 : Shannon’s Entropy trend line from 1990-2016 indicating an overall urban growth during
the investigated period.
Year 1990 2000 2010 2016

Shannon’s 1.4615 1.8717 2.1023 2.450

entropy

Log(16)=2.613

This increase in value of entropy indicates increase in dispersion of built-up area, which is
an indication of urban sprawl.
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MAIN FINDINGS

Major findings from this study Are outline below –

1. From the year 1990-2016 97.65 % increase in built-up area , in 1990 built-up area was
385.12 hector’s but it increase significantly 761.21 hectors in 2016 , large scale in-
migration from surrounding rural area , job opportunity and good communication
network may cause population influx .
2. We can see the changes in vegetation & water body area also in 1990 vegetation cover
was 879.21 hector’s where as in 2016 it decrease to 583.17 hector’s and total decrease
in vegetation cover is 33.67 % due to high demand of land for other than agricultural
purpose , settlement & industrial establishment.
3. Landsat images with 30 meters resolution is not sufficient to detect Landuse change
when the areal extent is small so it would be better to fused or merged image with high
resolution images and ground truth verification with GPS , so we can have accurate
result that what we want .

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BIBLIOGRAPHY :
1. Bhatta , B., 2009, Analysis of urban growth pattern using remote sensing and
GIS: a case study of Kolkata, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30,
pp. 4733–4746.
2. Huete, A.1988, A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) ,Elsevier : Remote
sensing of Environment , 25(3): 295-309 .
3. McFeeter's ,S.1996 , The use of Normalized difference water index(NDWI) in
the delineation of open water Features , International journal of remote sensing,
17(7): 1425-1432
4. Hu, H.2002 , spatial expansion of urban/town in Fuqingand its Driving Forces
analysis , Remote sensing Technology and Application .,17(2):86-92.
5. Tucker, C. J.(1979) , Red and photographic infrared linear combination for
monitoring vegetation. Remote sensing of Environment, 8, 127-150.

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6. Xu 2005, Hanqiu Xu 2005, Modification of Normalized difference Water index
(MNDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. International
journal of remote sensing -24(14): page.3025-3033.
7 . Xu, H., 2008, A new index for delineating built-up land features in
satellite imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 29, 4269–4276.
8. Wu, C., 2009, Quantifying high-resolution impervious surfaces using spectral
mixture analysis. Int. J. Remote Sens. 30 (11), 2915–2932. spectral mixture analysis.
Int. J. Remote Sens. 30 (11), 2915–2932.
9. Zha,Y.,Gao,J., & Ni,S.2003, Use of normalize difference built-up index in
automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery , International journal of Remote
sensing , 24(3):583-594 .

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