EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

LESSON OUTLINE:
• Properties of Exponents
• EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSION
• EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
• EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES
• EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• Sketch graphs of exponential functions.
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• A polynomial function has the basic form: f (x) = x3

• An exponential function has the basic form: f (x) = 3x

• An exponential function has the variable in the exponent,

not in the base.

• General Form of an Exponential Function:

f (x) = Nx, N > 0
• An exponential function with base b is a function of the
form: f (x) = bx or y= bx (b>0, b ≠ 1).
An exponential expression is an expression
of the form a.bx-c + d, where (b > 0, b ≠ 1).
An exponential expression is an expression
of the form a.bx-c + d, where (b > 0, b ≠ 1).
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
Ex.

Ex.

Ex.
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS

Ex.

Ex.
 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
• SOLVE:
• SOLVE:
 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
• SOLVE:
 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
• SOLVE:

Not considered an
exponential equation,
because the variable
is now in the base.
 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
• SOLVE:
Not considered an
exponential equation,
because the variable
is in the base.
 ACTIVITY:
Solve the following equations:
1). 49 = 7x
. Ans. 72x = 71 =1/2 .

2). 4 x -1
= 16 . Ans. 4 x -1
= 4 =3
2
.

3). 125 x -1
=25 x +3 Ans. 53(x -1) = 52(x+3) =9 .
 PROPERTIES EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY
If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
increasing for all x. This means that bx < by if and
only x<y.
 If the base b >1 , the direction of the
inequality is retained.

If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is

decreasing for all x. This means that bx > by if and
only if x<y
 If the base b <1 , the direction of the
inequality is reversed.
 EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY
Solve the following inequalities:
1. 3x < 9x-2
3 <3
x 2(x-2)
Since the base 3 > 1, then
3 <3
x 2x-4 this inequality is equivalent
to x < 2x – 4 (the direction
x < 2x – 4 of the inequality is retained)
4 < 2x – x
The solution set to the
4<x inequality is  {x εℝ I x>4}.
 EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY
2. ()x+5 ≥ ()3x
() ≥ ()
x+5 3x
Since the base < 1, then
this inequality is
() ≥ ()
x+5 6x
equivalent to x + 5 ≤ 6x
x + 5 ≤ 6x (the direction of the
5 ≤ 6x-x inequality is reversed)
5 ≤ 5x The solution set to the
1≤x inequality is  {x εℝ I x≥1}.
 EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY
Solve the following inequalities:
3. 4 3x+2
< 64 4. () x+1
≥ ()
43x+2 < 43 () ≥ ()
x+1

3x+2 < 3
()2x+2 ≥ ()
3x< 3-2
3x<1 ()-1(2x+2) ≥ ()
x<1/3 -2x-2 ≥ 1 -3 ≥ 2x
 {x εℝ I x<1/3}. -3/2 ≥ x  {x εℝ I x ≤-3/2}.
 QUIZ
Solve the following inequalities:
1. 5x > 25x+1 2. ()x ≥ ()
5x > 25x+1
()x ≥ ()
5 >5
x 2x+2

x> 2x+2 () ≥ ()(2)

x

-2> 2x-x ()x ≥ ()-1(2)

-2> x x≤ -2
{x εℝ I x<-2} {x εℝ I x ≤ -2}
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• An exponential function with base b is a function of the
form: f (x) = bx or y= bx (b>0, b ≠ 1).
Example 1. Complete a table of values for x = –3, –2, –1, 0,
1, 2, and 3 for the exponential functions y = (1/3) x, y = 10 x ,
and y = (0.8) x.

Solution.
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example 2. If f(x) = 3 x , evaluate f(1), f(2),
f(1/2), f(2/5), f(0), f(-1) and f(-2).
Solution.
f(1)= 3 = 3 =3
x 1 f(0)= 3 x = 3 0 =1
f(2)= 3 x = 3 2 =9 f(-1)= 3 x = 3 -1 =1/3
f(1/2)= 3 x = 3 1/2 = f(-2)= 3 x = 3 -2 =1/9
= √3
5 2
f(2/5)= 3 = 3x 2/5
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. The range is the set of all positive real numbers.
3. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the
Horizontal Line Test.
4. The y-intercept is 1. There is no x-intercept.
5. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0 (or
the x-axis). There is no vertical asymptote
6. The function is increasing if b > 1, and is
decreasing if 0 < b < 1.
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• GENERAL FORM OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION:
F (X) = NX, N > 0

g(x) = 2x g(3) = 8 g(0) = 1

x g(2) = 4 g(–1) =
g(1) = 2
g(–2) =
2x
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
g(x) = 2x
x g(x)
2 4
1 2
0 1
-1 1/2
-2 1/4
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
h(x) = 3x
x h(x)
2 9
1 3
0 1
-1 1/3
-2 1/9
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS WITH
g(x) = 2x (blue) POSITIVE BASES
GREATER THAN 1 HAVE
GRAPHS THAT ARE
INCREASING.

• THE FUNCTION NEVER

CROSSES THE X-AXIS
BECAUSE THERE IS
NOTHING WE CAN PLUG
IN FOR X THAT WILL
h(x) = 3x (red)
YIELD A ZERO ANSWER.
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
g(x) = 2x (blue) • A SMALLER BASE MEANS
THE GRAPH RISES
MORE GRADUALLY.

A LARGER BASE MEANS

THE GRAPH RISES
MORE QUICKLY.

h(x) = 3x (red)
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
g(x) = 2-x
x g(x)
2 1/4
1 1/2
0 1
-1 2
-2 4
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

0<b<1 b>1
 QUIZ:
Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 4x in the
same coordinate plane.
 QUIZ:
Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 4x in the
same coordinate plane.
 GRAPHING
TRANSFORMATIONS OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example 1. Use the graph of y = 2x to graph the
functions y = -2x and y = 2-x .
Solution.
The graph of y = f(–x) The graph of y = –f(x)
is the reflection about is the reflection about
the y-axis of the graph the x-axis of the
of y = f(x). graph of y = f(x).
Example 2.Use the graph of y = 2x to graph the
functions y = 3(2x) and y = 0.4(2x).

Solution.
Observations:
1. The domain for all three graphs is the
set of all real numbers.
2. The y-intercepts were also multiplied
correspondingly. The y-intercept of y = 3(2x) is
3, and the y-intercept of y = 0.4(2x) is 0.4.
3. All three graphs have the same horizontal
asymptote: y = 0.
4. The range of all three graphs is the set of all
y > 0.
 Vertical Stretching
or Shrinking

Let c be a positive constant.

The graph of y = cf(x) can be
obtained from the graph of y =
f(x) by
. multiplying each y-

coordinate by c.
The effect is a vertical stretching (if c > 1) or shrinking
(if c < 1) of the graph of y = f(x).
Example 3. Use the graph of y = 2x to graph y =
2x – 3 and y = 2x + 1.

Solution.
Vertical Shifts
Let k be a real number. The graph of y = f(x) + k is
a vertical shift of k units up (if k > 0) or k units down
(if k < 0) of the graph of y = f(x).
Example 4. Use
the graph of y = 2x
to graph y = 2x-2
and y = 2x+4

Solution.
Horizontal Shifts
Let k be a real number. The graph of y = f(x – k) is
a horizontal shift of k units to the right (if k > 0) or
k units to the left (if k < 0) of the graph of y = f(x).
Example 5:
Sketch the graph of G(x) = 4 ()x +1, then state the domain,
range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote.
SUMMARY:
The graph of y = f(–x) is the
reflection about the y-axis of
the graph of y = f(x).

The graph of y = –f(x) is the

reflection about the x-axis of
the graph of y = f(x).

The effect is a vertical stretching

(if c > 1) or shrinking (if c < 1) of
the graph of y = f(x).
SUMMARY:
Vertical Shifts
Let k be a real number. The graph
of y = f(x) + k is a vertical shift of k
units up (if k > 0) or k units down (if
k < 0) of the graph of y = f(x).

Horizontal Shifts
Let k be a real number. The graph
of y = f(x – k) is a horizontal shift of
k units to the right (if k > 0) or k
units to the left (if k < 0) of the
graph of y = f(x).
The natural exponential function is the
function f(x) = ex .

A base often associated with exponential

functions is:

e ≈ 2.71828169
CHAPTER QUIZ: solution

1. Solve for x.
-x
a. 3 = 27 x+2 b. () x -2 = ()3x
2. Solve the following inequalities.
2x 1-x
a. 5x > . b. () ≤ ()

3. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3 x +1 – 2, then state

the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal
asymptote.
CHAPTER QUIZ: solution

1. Solve for x.

a. 3-x = 27x+2 b.() x -2 = ()3x

3-x = (3)3(x+2) () x -2 = ()2(3x)
-x= 3(x+2)
-x= 3x+6 () x -2
= () -2(3x)

-6= 3x+x
x-2= -6x
-6= 4x -2= -7x
x=-3/2 x=2/7
CHAPTER QUIZ: solution
2. Solve the following inequalities.
a. 5x > . 2x 1-x
b. () ≤ ()
5x >()3 .
()2x ≤ ()3(1-x)
≥

5x >()-3 .
2x 3-3x
() ≤ ()
x>-3 .
2x ≥ 3-3x
3x+2x ≥ 3
{x εℝ I x>-3} 5x ≥ 3 x ≥ 3/5
{x εℝ I x ≥3/5}
CHAPTER QUIZ:
3. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3 x +1 – 2, then state the
domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote.
CHAPTER QUIZ:
3. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 3 x +1 – 2, then state the
domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote.
 WHY STUDY EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS?
• EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS ARE USED IN OUR
REAL WORLD TO MEASURE GROWTH,
INTEREST, AND DECAY.

• GROWTH OBEYS EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS.

• EX: RUMORS, HUMAN POPULATION,
BACTERIA, COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY,
NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS, COMPOUND
INTEREST

• DECAY OBEYS EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS.

• EX: CARBON-14 DATING, HALF-LIFE,
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
REFERENCES:

General Mathematics Learner’s Material

First Edition 2016

https://www.google.com/search?
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