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Endorcine System
GENBIO 2
Overview

The endocrine system is a complex network of

glands and organs. It uses hormones to control
and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy
level, reproduction, growth and development,
and response to injury, stress, and mood.
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
A structure deep in your brain, acts as your
body's smart control coordinating center. Its
main function is to keep your body in a stable
state called homeostasis. It does its job by
directly influencing your autonomic nervous
system or by managing hormones.
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri,
is a tiny gland in your brain that's located
beneath the back part of the corpus callosum.
It's a part of your endocrine system and secretes
the hormone melatonin.
Pineal Gland
Pituitary
Also known as hypophysis, is a small, pea-sized
gland located at the base of your brain below
your hypothalamus. It sits in its own little
chamber under your brain known as the sella
turcica. It's a part of your endocrine system and
is in charge of making several essential
hormones.
Pituitary
Thyroid and parathyroid
The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to
make two thyroid hormones that regulate the
way the body uses energy. The parathyroid
glands are four tiny glands located behind the
thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce
a substance (parathyroid hormone) that helps
control the amount of calcium in the blood.
Thyroid and parathyroid
Thymus
An organ that is part of the lymphatic system,
in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The
thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone.
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Also known as suprarenal glands, are small,
triangular-shaped glands located on top of both
kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that
help regulate your metabolism, immune system,
blood pressure, response to stress and other
essential functions.
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Your pancreas plays a big role in digestion. It is
located inside your abdomen, just behind your
stomach. It's about the size of your hand.
During digestion, your pancreas makes
pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes
break down sugars, fats, and starches.
Pancreas
Ovary
One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs
form and the female hormones estrogen and
progesterone are made. These hormones play an
important role in female traits, such as breast
development, body shape, and body hair. They
are also involved in the menstrual cycle,
fertility, and pregnancy.
Ovary
Testis
One of two egg-shaped glands inside the
scrotum that produce sperm and male
hormones. Also called testicle.
Testis
 bochins.paw

Endorcine System
IN ANIMALS
Reptiles
Reptiles usually have two pairs of thymus
glands located cranial to the heart. They are
closely associated with the common carotid
artery, jugular vein and vagus nerve.
Insects
The endocrine glands of insects are of 2 types:
1) neurosecretory cells within the central
nervous system, and 2) specialized endocrine
glands such as the corpora cardiaca, corpora
allata, and the prothoracic glands. *
Neurosecretory cells normally occur in the
ganglia of the CNS.
Insects
Cnidaria
Although cnidarians lack a defined endocrine
gland, certain cells in the nervous system are
known to produce neuropeptides, which are
implicated in the regulation of metamorphosis
and peristaltic contractions. Cnidarians often
have a life cycle consisting of planula larva,
polyp, and medusa stages.
Cnidaria
Avian
The avian endocrine system is comparable to
that of mammals and consists of eight glands:
the pituitary-hypothalamus complex, the
gonads, pancreatic islets, adrenal glands,
thyroid glands, parathyroid glands,
ultimobranchial glands, and the endocrine cells
of the gut
Avians
Crustaceans
Among the crustaceans, the major
neuroendocrine system consists of the
neurosecretory X-organ and its associated
neurohemal organ, the sinus gland. Both an X-
organ and a sinus gland are located in each
eyestalk, and together they are termed the
eyestalk complex.
Crustaceans
 bochins.paw

Endorcine System
IN PLANTS
Plants
Unlike humans and other animals, plants do not
have an endocrine system or endocrine glands.
But they do have hormones, which affect
various processes related to plant growth,
including gene expression, metabolism and cell
division.
Plants
However plants respond to changes in the
environment by growing their stems, roots, or
leaves toward or away from the stimulus. This
response, or behavior, is called a tropism.
Auxin
• Bending toward a light source (phototropism).
• Downward root growth in response to gravity
(geotropism).
• Promotion of apical dominance (the tendency of an
apical bud to produce hormones that suppress the
growth of the buds below it on the stem).
• Flower formation.
• Fruit set and growth.
• Formation of adventitious roots.
Gibberellins
stimulate cell division and elongation, break seed
dormancy, and speed germination. The seeds of some
species are difficult to germinate; you can soak them
in a GA solution to get them started.
Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a general plant-growth
inhibitor. It induces dormancy and prevents seeds
from germinating; causes abscission of leaves, fruits,
and flowers; and causes stomata to close. High
concentrations of ABA in guard cells during periods
of drought stress probably play a role in stomatal
closure. It is produced in the roots of the plant as well
as the terminal buds at the top of the plant.
 bochins.paw

Thank you...
Any Questions?
References
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-endocrine-system#:~:text=The%20endocrine%20system%20is
%20a,Hypothalamus.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22566-hypothalamus#:~:text=Your%20hypothalamus%2C%20a%20structure%20deep,system%20or
%20by%20managing%20hormones.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23334-pineal-gland#:~:text=Your%20pineal%20gland%2C%20also%20called,and%20secretes%20the
%20hormone%20melatonin.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21459-pituitary-gland#:~:text=Your%20pituitary%20gland%20(also%20known,of%20making%20several
%20essential%20hormones.
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa125286#:~:text=The%20thyroid%20gland%20uses%20iodine,of%20calcium%20in
%20the%20blood.
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/thymus
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-digestive-process-what-is-the-role-of-your-pancreas-in-digestion#:~:text=Your
%20pancreas%20plays%20a%20big,sugars%2C%20fats%2C%20and%20starches.
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/testis
https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/how-hormones-growth-regulators-affect-your-plants
https://en.wikivet.net/Snake_Endocrine_System#:~:text=Reptiles%20usually%20have%20two%20pairs,only%20a%20single%20bilateral%20lobe.
https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rider/Pentatomoidea/Teaching%20Structure/Lecture%20Notes/Week%2016a%20Endocrine%20System.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/cnidaria#:~:text=Although%20cnidarians%20lack%20a%20defined,%2C
%20polyp%2C%20and%20medusa%20stages.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1094919407000746#:~:text=The%20avian%20endocrine%20system%20is,1).