Group 1 Literary

history presentation
of Indonesia,
thailand &
Malaysia
 Group members:

Cristel Pesanon Dwight Tilao Cristal Diez Edielyn Geral

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Literary
History
of
Indonesi
a 3
Quick facts of
Indonesia

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 Facts and Statistics

“
Location: South – eastern Asia, Archipelago between the Indian Ocean and
Pacific Ocean.
Capital: Jakarta
Population: 267+million (2019 est.)
Ethnic Groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, Coastal
Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions: Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddist 1%, other 1%.

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Facts and Statistics
Language: the official of Indonesia is known as Indonesian or “Bahasa
Indonesian”. Indonesian is a standardized dialect of the Malay language and
was formulated at the time of the declaration of Indonesian independence in
1945. Malay and Indonesian remain very similar.
Diversity: Indonesia is a hugely diverse nation. It is made up of over 17,500
islands (600 of which are inhabited) which are home to over 300 ethnic
groups. Each province has its own language, ethnic make up, religions and
history.
In addition, there are many cultural influences stemming back from difference
in heritage. Indonesians are a mix of Chinese, European, Indian, and Malay.
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Facts and Statistics
Indonesia is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia.
- The world’s fourth populous country and Indonesian’s Republican form of government comprises
an elected legislature and president.
- 90% MUSLIMS and largest Islamic population in the world.
- Five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated:
* Belief in the one and only God
*Just civilized humanity
*The unity of Indonesia
*Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the ananimity arising out of deliberations amongst
*Social justice for all of the people of Indonesia
Currency: Rupiah (IDR)
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Facts and Statistics
Indonesian Cuisine: Reflection of the diverse cultures and traditions derived from
archipelago centuries with influence of the Chinese, European, Middle Eastern and the
Indians.
Indonesian Architecture: Has been to a great extent dominated which commonly took
form of timber structures built on stilts by large roof.
Traditional Indonesian Music: it plays an important role and home to hundreds of
forms of music. The most popular traditional music is the Gamelan, Angklung, Sasando
and Keroncong.
Sculptures: Usually created to depict ancestors, deities and animals.
Cloth: In 10th October 2009, Indonesian Batik has been listed by UNESCO as the
World’s Intangible Cultural Heritage.
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Famous Tourist
spots 9
1. Beaches of
Bali 10
2. Tana
Toraja
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3. Raja
Ampat
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4. Jatiluwih Rice
Fields, Bali
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5. Lake Toba 14
Literary – Historical Development
1. The Period of Hindu Buddha
2. The period of Islamic Empire
3. Pujangga Lama (literates of
Olden Times)
4. Angkatan Balai Pustaka
(Generation of the Popular
Literature)
5. Sastra Melayu Lama (Older
Malay Literature)
6. Angkatan Pujangga Baru (the new
Literates)
7. Angkatan 1945 – an (Generation
of 1945)
8. Angkatan 1950 – 1960-an
(Generation of 1950’s)
9. Angkatan 1966 – 1970 – an
(Generation of 1960’s)
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Literary – Historical Development

10. Angkatan 1980 – an (the Decade of 1980’s)

11. Angkatan Reformasi (Reformation Period)
12. Angkatan 2000 – an (Generation of 2000’s)
13. Angkatan 2021 – an (Post – modern Generation)

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1. Period of Hindu Buddha
- This period is being characterized as
the discovery of yupa inscription that
written record found in 4th century. At
that time, the writing adopted the
sanskrit and palawa letters from India
at the same time, the poets began to
develop their skills and literature that
is why it is difficult to find the relics
of the famous writters during that
time.
- Notable writers during this period are
Pusida, Popanolu, Pu tantular.
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2. Period of Islamic Empire
- It talks about stories, the circulation
of stories that relates the stories of
Prophet Muhammad, Sunan Wali or
other saint of Islamic people. It is
more on the reflection of the religious
affiliation during this period. The
building of the Islam.
- Famous Writer: Sunan Bonang
(Suluk Wujil) – a good example of
early Javanese literary work that
features spiritual quest and teaching.
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3. Pujangga Lama (Literates of Olden Times)
- Is the eldest generation in Indonesian
Literature history and it contains most of the
literature that was adopted from Malay
literature because of Indonesia has some
roots with the Malay and the connection of
their culture between these two nations were
great way back then. This period is being
characterized by the popularity in the
production of poems that is why it is called
literates of Olden Times. It’s the collection
of traditional stories in narrative forms
(short stories). There is also the four lines
with rhymes and there were also collection
of stories or fables. Indonesian/Arabic
(Fakir). 19
4. Angkatan Balai Pustaka (Generation of the
Popular Literature)
- This period falls sometime on the year 1920
to 1950 and the period is dominated by
Dutch east colonial government when they
took over and arranged the literature
circulation. They control the production of
the literary works during the Angkatan
BalaiPustaka period or the generation of
pupolar literature. The results of works of
literatures are mostly romances and novels.
- Famous writter: Marah Roesli (Sitti
Nurbaya)

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5. Sastra Melayu Lama (The old Malay
Literature)
- This generation were developed on the year
1870 until 1942 and they were reflection
form the old societies in classic malay
culture. Its more on oral or unwritten that
glue with the power of Audience or the
people itself and it tends to be static not
having improvement in quantity and most of
the writers were held anonymous. It
centered subjects about palace or kingdom,
it uses cliché languages that tend to be
monotone and static, and lastly, it is
influenced by arabian culture, muslim and
hindu.
- Writter: Haji Mukti (The Saga of Siti
Mariah)
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 6. Angkatan Pujangga Baru (the new Literates)

- Is a form of reaction from

Balai Pustaka publishers that
were considered so strict in
censorship especially on
works that contain elements
of nationalism.
- Writer: Sutan Takdir
Alisjahbana

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 7. Angkatan 1945 – an (Generation of 1945)
- The essence of their literary works
are mostly inspired by the social
political circumstances of the
revolution in order to maintain
independence and a lot of works here
are produced in the form of poetry
that reflects the spirit of nationalism.
- Writer: Pramoedya Anantatoer (the
House of Glass) a novel.

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 8. Angkatan 1950 – 1960-an (Generation of
1950’s)

- One of the famous

works the work
by NH Dini (the
Amaku Hiroko)

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 9. Angkatan 1966 – 1970 – an (Generation of
1960’s)
- The spirit is marked by the
publication of horizon literary
magazine and in that magazine, the
literary works are published with a
very tight selection. So there was a
stiff competition among the literary
authors of Indonesia when it comes to
getting a chance to be published. So
some people who love to read
literature might have subscribed this
magazine.
- Writter: Taufic Ismail (Tirani Dan
Benteng)
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10. Angkatan 1980 – an (the Decade of 1980’s)
- One of the notable writer is
Marga T.
- She wrote a novel Karmila
- It is about the circulation of
the romance and love styles
in writing. The theme are
mostly romantic focus using
a very simplified language.

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 11. Angkatan Reformasi (Reformation Period)
- The reform state structures in
political, social and economic aspects
has given a good chance toward the
development of Indonesian
literatures. There are many new
writers with novels, short stories,
poems and essay with various
themes. The new writers were
becoming experts on their crafts
experimenting different style of
writing.
- Best seller Author: Ayu utami
(Saman) 27
12. Angkatan 2000 – an (Generation of 2000’s)
- Writter: Andrea Hirata
- (The Rainbow Troops)

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13. Angkatan 2021 – an (Post – modern
Generation)
- It is the millennial era. The
literature of Indonesia grows
really well. Writers were
known overseas.
- Writer: Dewi lestari (The
supernova)

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Literary
History
of
Thailand 30
The earliest literature of the Thai people was written
in Chinese until the 13th century, then in Sanskrit
and Pali from India.

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Indian influence
◈ Thai literature was traditionally heavily influenced by Indian culture
from the 13th century. Thailand's national epic is a version of the
Ramayana called the Ramakien. A number of versions of the epic
were lost in the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767. Three versions
currently exist. One of these was prepared under the supervision (and
partly written by) King Rama 1. His son, Rama II, rewrote some parts
for khon drama. The main differences from the original are an
extended role for the monkey God Hanuman and the addition of a
happy ending.
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Indian influence
◈ The most important poet in Thai literature was Sunthom Phu, who is best
known for his romantic adventure story Phra Aphai Mani and for nine
travel pieces called Nirats.
◈ Kings Rama V and Rama VI were also writers, mainly of non-fiction works
as part of their programme to combine Western knowledge with traditional
Thai culture. The story Lilit Phra Lo (wazaa) was voted the best lilit work by
King Rama VI's royal literary club in 1916. Based on the tragic end of King
Phra Lo, who died together with the two women he loved, Phra Phuean and
Phra Phaeng, the daughters of the ruler of the city of Song, it originated in a
tale of Thai folklore and later became part of Thai literature.
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20th century
◈ 20th century Thai writers tended to produce light fiction rather than
literature. But increasingly, individual writers are being recognized
for producing more serious works, including writers like Kukrit
Pramoj, Kulap Saipradit, (penname Siburapha), and Botan. Some of
the their works have been translated into English. The Isan region of
Thailand has produced two notably sociocritical writers in
Khamsing Srinawk and Pira Sudham. Notably. Pira Sudham writes
in English.
◈ Thailand has had a number of expatriate writers in the 20th century
as well.
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20th Century
◈ The Bangkok Writers Group is currently publishing fiction by Indian author
G.Y. Gopinath, the fabulist A.D. Thompson, as well as non fiction by Gary
Dale Cearley.
◈ Thai Traditional Literature is essentially religious. Most of the literature in the
old days consisted of works on Buddhism and Hinduism directly or indirectly.
Whatever culture the Thai people brought with them from their homeland in
Southern China where they had been in contact with Chinese culture for
centuries was adapted to its later conception of Buddhism, their adopted
religion. Traces of their original culture may be found here and there in a
disguised and weak form embedded in their literature. Most of the works of
emotive literature were written in verse in various patterns. Five prominent
examples of such works may be cited briefly.
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1. The Romance of Khun Chang Khun Phaen
◈ an indigenous story of love and
pathos, at time humorous, of a
triangular love plot of one heroine
with two lovers. The story, apart
from its beautiful expressions,
contains a mine of information on
old beliefs and social customs of
the Thai before the Impact of
Western culture. The story as is
known has been translated into
English and French.
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2. Ramakian (or Ramakirti in transliteration)
- is the story based on the famous
Indian epic, Ramayana. It is
unique, containing many episodes
and details which are not to be
found in the original epic, but
showing traces of contact with
certain versions of the Ramayana
in India, Malaysia, Java and
Cambodia. There is an English
translation. 37
3. The Romance of Inao
◈ This is a translation from the
well-known story of adventures
of the national Javanese hero
prince. It is written in a refined
and perfect style of the Thai
Language and meant for
dramatic performance.

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4. Sam Kok
◈ This is a translation from San
Kuo Chl, a Chinese historical
romance of the Three
Kingdoms. Unlike the three
preceeding ones, it is written
in prose with perfect
expressions of style of the
language.
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5. Phra Aphalmani
◈ This is a romantic tale written in verse by one of
the most famous and popular poets of Thailand.
It is an imaginary tale of love, intrigue and
adventure, and reflects some ideas of the people
towards. the Europeans of the last century. There
is an English translation in concise form by one
Prem Chaya.
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◈ The employment of prose in Thai emotive literature
along the lines of the Westem style is of recent date due
obviously to the influence of Western literature.
◈ The earliest literature, that of the Sukhothai period
(13th to mid-14th century), survives chiefly in stone
inscriptions, which provide vivid accounts of
contemporary life. The most famous of these is the
Ramkhamhaeng inscription of 1292, in which King 
Ramkhamhaeng records the economic abundance of his
kingdom and the benevolence of his rule.
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- Classical literature, written in verse, dates from the Ayutthaya period
(1351–1767). It includes religious works such as Maha chat (“The
Great Birth”), later rewritten as Maha chat kham luang (“The Royal
Version of the Great Birth”), the Thai version of the Vessantara jataka,
which recounts the story of the future Buddha’s penultimate life on
earth; Lilit phra Lo (“The Story of Prince Lo”), a tragic romance,
widely regarded as one of the greatest of Thai poetic works, and Lilit
Yuan phai (“The Defeat of the Yuan”), a historical work, celebrating
Ayutthaya’s defeat of the forces of the northern Lan Na kingdom.

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◈ The reign of King Narai (1656–88) is seen as a golden era,
in which writers were welcomed at the royal court, and new
verse forms were developed; some of the most highly
regarded nirat poems—a genre characterized by the themes
of journeying, separation, and love-longing—date from this
period, including Si Prat’s famous Nirat khlong
kamsuan (“A Mournful Journey”), describing his journey
into exile in Nakhon Sri Thammarat.

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◈ Much literature was lost in the sack of Ayutthaya by Hsinbyushin of
Myanmar (Burma) in 1767. After the restoration of Thai sovereignty
, and the establishment of a new capital at Bangkok, many law
codes, religious works, and literary texts were rewritten. These
include the Ramakian, a Thai version of the Indian Ramayana,
which was composed during the reign of Rama I (1782–
1809); Khun Chang Khun Phaen, an epic poem full of martial and
amatory exploits, which took its title from the two main
protagonists; and Phra Aphaimani, named after its hero. The second
and third both date from the reign of Rama II (1809–24).
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◈ Translations of best-selling Western fiction by authors such as 
Marie Corelli, William Le Queux, Charles Garvice, 
H. Rider Haggard, Sax Rohmer, Anthony Hope, and 
Arthur Conan Doyle, began to appear at the beginning of the 20th
century, but by the mid-1920s original Thai stories, often serialized
in newspapers and magazines before their publication in a book, had
become more popular. Most were romantic novels, typically
involving a poor boy–rich girl (or rich boy–poor girl) theme, in
which the plot was brought to a happy conclusion by a series of
improbable coincidences.
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◈ The late 1920s heralded a golden decade in which a number of writers began to address
social issues (such as polygamy, prostitution, social inequality, and social class) in a
serious way. Works such as Lakhon haeng chiwit (1929; The Circus of Life) by M.C.
Akatdamkoeng Raphiphat, Songkhram chiwit (1932; “The War of Life”) and Khang
lang phap (1937; Behind the Painting and Other Stories) by Siburapha (pen name of
Kulap Saipradit), Ying khon chua (1937; The Prostitute) by K. Surangkhanang (Kanha
Khiengsiri), and Phudi (1937; “The Gentry”) by Dokmai Sot (Buppha Kunchon), have
since come to be regarded as classics. Of these, the most famous is Siburapha’s Behind
the Painting, which by the turn of the 21st century had been reprinted almost 40 times,
translated into Chinese and Japanese, and twice adapted for film. Set partly in Japan,
the story relates the doomed love affair between a young Thai student studying finance
in Japan and an older, unhappily married Thai aristocrat. It differs from most fiction of
the period in its attempt to deal honestly with emotions; more than 10 years after its
appearance, an influential essay by P. Mu’angchomphu (Udom Sisuwan) suggested
that, at a deeper level, the characters symbolize the eclipse of the old aristocracy by a
new comprador capitalist class.
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◈ By the late 1960s a new generation of writers was rediscovering
Socialist Realism, known as “Literature for Life” in Thailand, and
their work played a part in articulating the intellectual climate that
led to the overthrow of the military government in 1973; however,
such fiction, with its often simplistic treatment of issues, had little
broad appeal and soon disappeared, hastened by the vicious military
counter-revolution of 1976. This event caused many writers, 
intellectuals, and students to flee to the jungles to join the
Communist Party of Thailand. But fears of a new “dark age” proved
unfounded when the coup leaders of 1976 were quickly replaced by
a more liberal faction.
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◈ In 1977 the writer, artist, and prolific editor Suchart Sawatsi set up
the groundbreaking literary journal Lok nangsu’ (1977–83; “Book
World”), which, with its eclectic combination of articles, interviews,
reviews, short stories, and poems, covering both the Thai and
international literary world, provided a real and challenging focus
for all who aspired to be a part of the literary community. After the 
demise of Lok nangsu’, Suchart continued to play a major role in
the Thai literary world, promoting short stories through his quarterly
magazine, Cho karaket (1990–2000; “Screwpine Flower Garland”),
and annual prizes and undertaking research on early 20th-century
Thai literary history.
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◈ The rapid economic and social changes that were beginning to sweep
through Thai society by the mid-1980s offered writers new and challenging
themes, while the introduction of literary prizes, accolades, and constant
media attention also played a part in creating a vibrant literary scene. Of the
writers that emerged during this period, Chart Korbjitti (also spelled Chat
Kobjitti) proved to be the most successful, both artistically and
commercially. His skillfully structured short novel Chon trork (1980; “The
End of the Road”), with its constant time shifts, chronicles the economic and 
moral descent of a decent working-class family, who no matter how hard
they work are unable to withstand the relentless pressure of day-to-day living
on the minimum daily wage; unlike “Literature for Life” writers, Chart
forced readers to draw their own conclusions from the accumulation of detail
rather than pointing the finger of blame at a sector of society.
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◈ The same uncompromisingly bleak vision is also apparent in his
award-winning novel Kham phiphaksa (1982; The Judgment), in
which a well-meaning rural school janitor is turned into a social
outcast through the narrow-minded gossip and hypocrisy of the
community in which he has grown up. By publishing his own
works, Chart achieved a degree of financial independence that most
writers in Thailand could only dream of. It is a measure of both his
serious literary purpose, in wishing to reach an international
audience, and his financial astuteness, that he published English
translations of his novels.
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◈ In the modern age about 1900 onward, most of the Thai
readers are well acquainted with the work of Dokmaisod
whose real name is M.L. Boobpha Nimmanhaemindha. She
was a novelist in the pioneering age. Her best-known works
were for example, Phu Di, Nung Nai Roi, Nit, Chaichana
Khong Luang Naruban, etc. Many of her works have been
assigned as books for external reading for students at the
secondary and tertiary levels of education today

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 Novels
1. Lakorn Haeng Cheewit (1929) the work of royal blood author M.C. Arkartdamkemg Rabibhat.. 
2. Karmanit (1930) classical translation of Buddhist literature by the philosophers Sathirakoses and
Nakapratheep.
3. Damrong Phrathet (1931) romantic fiction with peace and women's rights themes by Vethang.
4. Nueng Nai Rol (1934) a story of the well-to-do by pioneer female novelist Dokmaisod.
5. Bangrachan (1936) based on Mai Muangderm, the great historical battle between Thailand and Burma. 
6. Pal Nikom Gim-nguan. Classical, popular comic fiction by Por Intarapalit. 
7. Puchana Sibthit (1939) - historical romance by Yakob.
8. Peking Nakom Haeng Kwarmlang (1943) the story of Thai students in China during the revolution by Sod
Kuramalohit
9. Ying Kon Chua (1946) - Thailand's first protagonist prostitute created by Kor Surangkanang. 10. Mueng
Nimitr (1948) utopian ideology by M.R. Nimitmongkol Nawarat.

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11. Pattaya (1951) social novel satirising the promilitary and socialist movement written
under the still anonymous pen-name Daohang.
12. Phaendin Nee Kongkral (1952) Srirat Sathapanawat's look at corruption and
discrimination.
13. Si Phaendin (1954) the life of a court lady by M.R. Kukrit Pramoj
14. Lae Pai Kangnar (1955) Sriburapa's social comment.
15. Pisaj (1957) Seni Saowapong's book on a love tainted by class discrimination.
16. Tung Maharaj (1964) Malai Chupinit's novel based in the South.
17. Mahabandit Haeng Mitilanakom (1964) Yaem Prapathong's Buddhist novel..
18. Seplay Boy Chaorai (1969) Acclaimed as Rong Wongsawan's verson of The Tortilla Flat
by John Steinbeck.
19. Jodmaay Jark Muang Thai (1970) - Botan's depiction of the lives of Chinese immigrants.
 20.Rao Likit Bon Lumsop Vasitthi - Ror Jantapimpa's romance
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Short Stories
1. Nor Mor Sor's Nitarn Vetal (1918) - translated from Indian literature.
2. Manas Janyong's Jabtaay
3. Por Buranapakorn's short stories.
4. Sor Thammayo's short stories.
5. Tanom Mahapaoraya's Plaay Maliwan and other short stories.
6. Jantri Siribunrod's Pudab Duang Arthit anstories science fiction.
7. Isara Amantakul's Yuk Tamin short stories.
8. Arjin Panjapan's Muang Rae a set of short stories about miners' lives. 
9. Loa Kam Hom's Fah Bor Kan and other stories.
10. Dr Saneur Intarasuksrl's Puernkao, 
11. Witayakom Chiengkul's Chanjueng Mahar Kwarm Maay. 
12. Humourist's humourous short stories.
13.  Nikom Rayawa's Kon Bon Tonmai and other short stories 54
THANK
S!
Any questions?
Clarification?
Please don’t hesitate to ask.