PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 1- Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1– Module 1: Nature of
Inquiry and Research
First Edition, 2020

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Authors: Maria Euleen Pastor

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 Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

 INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE

It is our desire that this module on Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research will
provide you with a general understanding of how to conduct practical qualitative research and
possibly even encourage you to undertake a study that may have been thinking about doing.
Research is a delightful way to discover valuable learning and skills. Through this
subject, you help develop your abilities in establishing connections, listening,
writing, and observing which the primary elements are needed in the qualitative
research process. You will find out how to conduct practical researches that you can apply in
your specific track. Often, when we find out that we are going to engage in research, we
immediately worry and put on a skeptical face. It is our goal to replace that worry with
excitement, skepticism with confidence. You will discover how much fun it is to do research
as we eagerly learn new things and develop a new and better perspective about research.
The twenty-first century learning allows you to discover, to improvise, and to interact,
using research as a tool to expand your knowledge and skills. With this
module on Practical Research 1, we hope that you will be able to nurture yourself to
be active, creative, and collaborative researchers.

How to learn from this module

1. In order to achieve the objectives of this module, here’s a simple guide for you:
2. Read and follow instructions carefully.
3. Answer the pretest before going through the lessons.
4. Take note and record points for clarification.
5. Compare your answers against the key to answers found at the end of the module.
6. Do the activities and fully understand each lesson.
7. Answer the self-check to monitor what you learned in each lesson.
8. Answer the posttest after you have gone over all the lessons.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

MODULE 1 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Learning Objectives 1

Pretest 2
Lesson 1 The Importance of Research in Daily Life
I. What is Research? 3
II. Nature of Inquiry 3
III. Investigation and Immersion 4
IV. Difference between Inquiry and Research 4
V. Purpose of Research 4
VI. Importance of Research in daily Life 4
Post test 9

Pretest 11
Lesson 2 The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
I. Characteristics of Research 13
II. The Seven Steps of a Research Process 14
III. Ethics in Research 15
IV. Rights of Research Participants 17
V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing 18
Post test 24

Pretest 27
Lesson 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Research
I. When to use Qualitative versus s Quantitative 28
Research
II. Differences: Qualitative Research versus 29
Quantitative Research
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative 32
Research
Post test 36

Pretest 38
Lesson 4. The Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry
I. Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry 39
Post test 46

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 What I need to know

Every day you encountered various problems in any facets of life be it social, political,
environmental and personal. It may link between persons, groups or an organization. In this
case, there must be a solution not only to resolve it but can be a progress that everybody
benefited from it. As a learner how can you find a solution to these problems that is based on
knowledge not on ordinary beliefs, predictions or theories? You need to have this knowledge
through organized and well-planned procedures that are accurate and useful. Thus you need to
do research.
Research is asking what you know and think. It helps us to inquire on the right
information. It is of great importance to man in everyday life. The quality of man’s life is
improved through research making it easier and valuable from simple to modern. Research
develops you to an attitude to not believe everything easily available and seek for truth -
Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look. It is a catalyst in solving
complex issues in different sectors including health, communications, business and the
environment.

This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life

Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Lesson 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Lesson 4 .The Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry

Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to be
able to:

1. share research experiences and knowledge

2. explain the importance of research in daily life
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research
5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities,
sports,
science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication
technology, and social inquiry)

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 What I know

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_1.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.
_2.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
_3.A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_4.An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer to the
question asked by the researcher.
_5.The researcher has the final say in his findings.

B. Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

biases Instrument theories factual investigation

intuition discovery system subjective Interview
dreams experiences data phenomena guessing
productivity drama validate opinions Literature

C. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of research.

Use the blanks provided.

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_1
This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. &
Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

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 Lesson The Importance of Research in
1 Daily Life

What’s in?

In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is
used in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to
problems especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on the
importance of research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every decision
you do.

What’s New?

I. What is Research?

1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or
theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the
need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.

II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman,G.,2013)

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. It is

a problem solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by
applying the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.

1 Focus on Research: a Guide to Developing Students ‘Research Skills (1990).Alberta. Canada.

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III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.

It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.

Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data
gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in
detail.

Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research”
comes in.

IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.

Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or

method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a
creative process)

V. Purpose of Research

1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further

investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and
findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues
in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and
environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others
as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

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Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided,
1. What is Research?
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2. What is inquiry and its nature?
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3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?
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4. How important is research in your daily life activities?
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5. Why is there a need to conduct research?

What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1
You just learned the importance of research in daily life. Answer the following
questions briefly on the blanks provided.
1. Was there an instance in your life when you did an inquiry or research? Share and
describe your experiences .What are your challenges and difficulties?

__

2. As a learner in senior high school, how important is research in your daily life?

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 __

What’s more?

Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is?

Write your reflection on the right space of the image.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 What I have learned

Let’s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a question .If
inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes inquiry different from
research which also investigates?

2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life leading to a
solution, in what way does research empowers you with knowledge to learn new
things?
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What I can do

Direction. Answer the following question.

1. What is the importance of research in your

education as a 21st Century learner?

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Additional Activities

Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high school.
.Ask them how research played a major role in their chosen track or strand. Make a report
about it and share it to your teacher.
Write your report using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you wrote
down before and after you conducted your interview to flesh out the report. The first is the
brief detail about what the report is, who is the interviewee and the location of the interview.
Then break up the interview into paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally a conclusion
paragraph to end your report.

Assessment

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_1. An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer to
the question asked by the researcher.
_2. A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_3. The researcher has the final say in his findings.
_4.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
_5.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.

B Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

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 phenomena experiences theories discovery validate
biases interview investigation intuition dreams
guessing system instrument Literature drama
subjective factual opinions data productivity

C. Using the words underlined, formulate your own definition of research.

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_

1
This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D.
(2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. REFERENCES:

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 What I know

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the

following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
2. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
3. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
4.When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should
be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5.The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.
a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility

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7.The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the
research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
8.Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
9.Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10.Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

1This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. &
Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

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 Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and
2 Ethics of Research

Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to answer

questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain characteristic. It must be
systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical
practices researchers had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting
research .Thus to consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and
authentic.
.

What’s in?
(

In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance in
your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you tend
to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or
knowledge. The importance of research helps improved life as well as finding a solution to
problems through reliable and validated information.

What’s New?

I. Characteristics of Research1

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3.Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.

_
1For more information on this Characteristics of Research, see
Calmorin,A.(2015).Research Methods and Thesis Writing. Retrieved Calmorin,E.&
https://www.rexestore.com/e-books/ from
http:/www.

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4.Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6.Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.

7.Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and
closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data
Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

For more information on this Seven Steps of the Research Process, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical
1

Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

III. Ethics in Research

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 Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as
expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual
respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

 What are these ethics in research1?

7.Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in
your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and
the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation
to the study will be completely voluntary.

8.Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

9.Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

10.Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

11.Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your
work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

For more information on this Ethics of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1:
1

Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

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6.Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.

7.Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods,
or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.

8.Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted

for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

9.Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare
and allow them to make their own decisions.

10.Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to

advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

11.Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.

12.Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

13.Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of

sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and
integrity.

14.Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16.Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do
not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17.Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize

harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.

IV.Rights of Research Participants

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1.Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of
human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set
of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human
beings.

2.Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.

3.Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without

permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to
the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached
by a third party

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4.Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process.
Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the
procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.

5.Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name
is not given nor known.

6.Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the
ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include

honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

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 Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and
results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original
works, a violation of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.
4. Why is research practical and realistic?
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_

2.The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem. What is the
importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
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3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
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4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
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5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
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 What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can you
identify the processes involved in conducting research
and its
characteristics? Enumerate those processes.

2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant

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 What’s more?

Read and Analyse

Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow
.Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained

attention of two interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the world
of the participant. A critical view of some of the ethical challenges in the
participants’ andresearchers’ world reveals that how we examine both these
worlds’ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the need for
researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the inception of their
research life through multiple modes. The modes may include dialogue in the
spoken and written and visual to affect their aims to adhere to the principles of
respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in a way that is mutually
beneficial to the participant and the researcher.1
Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious
research ethics are embedded in the unfolding research ethics process
involving the participants and the researchers, and both the participant and
researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical process and add
value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research.1
The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly
enhanced by safe, effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures of
correlates of immune protection, and improved scientific knowledge of the
disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines would be
particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being
developed . Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the most
efficient and scientifically powerful means for testing vaccines, especially
because animal models are not adequately generalizable to humans.

Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and

1 Researchers’
World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1.

Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public health

benefit in so far as they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b)

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 increase the likelihood that the most effective (candidate) vaccines will
ultimately become available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d) improve
knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.2

Questions:
1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
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2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.study on humans rather than animal
models unethical?
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3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will you do to
correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
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_

What I have learned

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher in
conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are
_

2World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID-19 .human
challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1

2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of making known

the unknown. This definition of research leads to common

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 characteristics of research. Can you elaborate further on this?

3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?

_
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4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research?

What I can do

Answer the following question and write your answers on a space provided.
1. How do you characterize good research writing?

2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting a

research?

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Additional Activities

Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of

specialization (internet).Evaluate the research if it follows the ethical practices in
conducting research.

Assessment

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the

following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2.The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the
research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3.Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4.When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should
be done.
a. Objectivity

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 b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5.The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
e. Integrity
f. Legality
g. Social Responsibility
h. Responsible Publication
5. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
6.Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
7.Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

1This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. &
Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint

slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

24
 Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative
Research or Quantitative Research.

1.Objective
2.Subjective
3.Naturalistic
4.To validate the already constructed theory
5.Open-Ended Questions
6.Highly-structured Research
7.Hypothesis
8.Multiple Methods
9.Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions
and Stories are used in data analysis
10.No criteria

1This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah, S.N.(2018)
Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from http:/www.academia.edu.co/preposttest

26
 Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative
3 Research

Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research.
Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in
your research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best
results from these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the differences
between them which you will study in this lesson.

What’s in?
(

In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be systematic, objective,
feasible, empirical and clear. These characteristics guide you in realizing the real nature of
research following the processes as well as the factors in selecting your general problem or
topic. As a researcher you need to consider the ethics and unethical practices in conducting
research.

What’s New?

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.

Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey results.

27
Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.1

DESIGN

TYPES
Ethnography Experimental Research
Grounded Theory 1. Pre-Experimental
2. True-Experimental
Case Study
3. Quasi-Experimental
Discourse Analysis

Phenomenology
Non-Experimental
Historical Research Research

(Survey Research)
Narrative Report
1. Descriptive Research
Biography 2.Comparative Research
3.Correlational Research
1. Scholarly Chronicle
2.Intellectual
Biography Action Research
3. Life
History
Writing
4. Memoir
Biography
5. Narrative
II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research2
Biography
Qualitative Quantitative
It aims to create new theory The purpose is to test a
based on the gathered data. hypothesis or theory.
Objective
A fact-finding research used to gain Measures problem using rating
understanding of individual scale and other research
differences in terms of feelings and parameters of group similarities.
experiences.

28
 -natural setting -measurement setting
Data Description -making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a
phenomenon. certain phenomenon.

-Uses pictures, words, sentences, - Uses numbers, scales,

paragraphs, hypotheses, calculations,
compositions, narrations and short computations and statistics
stories tools.

Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) Large sample representatives

sampling of population
Data Gathering Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
(flexible processes)
Uses census, survey
Uses interviews, questionnaire, checklist, paper-
participant observation, group pencil test and experimentation.
discussions. Ex: Case Study, field
research Uses closed ended questions.
This questions can only be
Uses open ended questions. answered by selecting from a
It is a freeform survey questions limited number of options,
allow a participant to answer in usually “multiple-choice”, “yes
open-text format, responses are or no”, or a rating scale
unlimited to a set of options.
Example:
Strongly agree to strongly
Example: disagree
Guide questions for In quantitative research closed
the interviews ended questions are the basis of
all statistical analysis techniques
1.What was your experiences during applied on questionnaires and
quarantine period on the COVID- surveys.
19 pandemic? How did you handle
the situation caused by the Sample Question:
pandemic? Do you agree on
2.Was the support of the National online
and Local Government enough for modality class in transitioning
your basic needs? Did they conduct the new normal of education?
evaluation for those who were a. Strongly agree
affected? b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree

29
 Inductive Deductive
The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or
Activities observations, an open mind without already created theory
biases, gathering all exact details of emphasizing the previously
the topic and generalization or new researched phenomenon from
theory is given towards the end of different views (tested against
the research process. observations).

Uses both inductive and deductive

They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.

Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts

Data discussions discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the overall
and Presentation mean.

Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going to

the lowest and highest means, deductive.

Opinions are based on Opinions are based on laws,

experience or observation. rules, or other recognized
There are no criteria used in principles.
data discussions.
Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical
thematic.

Subjective Objective
Data Analysis
Data analysis is influenced by the The researcher employs
personal experiences and views.
standard criteria in analyzing
data.

Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development. Has

high validity. high output replicability.
Outcome
There are no conclusions Conclusion is formulated towards
formulated. the end of the research process.

1
For more information on these Designs of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1:
Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

2 For more information on “Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Research”, see Abdullah, S.N.
(2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt

30
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.

2.Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving
solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. How do you define the two designs of research: qualitative and quantitative?
_
_ _
_
_
_
_

2. What are the differences and similarities between these methods?

_
_
_
_
_

What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1
You just learned to differentiate quantitative from qualitative research.
1. In one sentence, differentiate a quantitative research from qualitative research?

31
 2. Tell whether the following statement is a quantitative research or qualitative
research. Explain your answer.
a. Prefer for statistical summary of results.

b. Prefer for narrative summary of results.

What’s more?

Direction: Using a Venn Diagram below, illustrate the differences and similarities
between a quantitative and qualitative method of research by filling in completely the Venn
diagram presented in the next page.

One example is done for you to follow.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Similarities
Natural Dependent on
Setting Both are rigorous & statistical tool
uses textual form in
data analysis

32
 What I have learned

Complete the box by filling out the missing description of qualitative or quantitative
research.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
1. Dependent on statistical tools

Uses open-ended questions 2.

Inductive in data gathering activities. 3.

4. Results oriented and highly structured

Uses more flexible processes. 5.

6. Has high output replicability.

No conclusions formulated. 8.

9. Uses large sample size.

Data analysis is subjective. 10.

33
 What I can do

What do the figures below mean? Explain and write your answer below.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Additional Activities

Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative.

Explain why and what is your basis. Write your answers on the spaces provided.

 Culinary Arts: Then and Now

_
_ _

 How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand?

34
What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS? Tracks?

 The Why and How of Social Networking Use

 The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth

_ _
_ _
_ _
_
_
_ _

35
 Assessment
Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates
Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research.

1.Naturalistic
2.To validate the already constructed theory
3.Hypothesis
4.Multiple Methods
5.No criteria
6.Pure words, phrases, sentences,
compositions and stories are used in data
analysis
7.Open-Ended Questions
8.Highly-structured Research
9. Objective
10.Subjective

1This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah,
S.N.2018) Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from http:/
www.academia.edu.co/preposttest

36
 What I know

Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by
choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on the
space provided below each number.

A. Science Research
B. Fisheries research
C. Information & Communication Technology Research
D. Arts Based Research
E. Business Research
F. Humanities Research
G. Agriculture Research
H. Sports Research
I. Mathematics Research
J. Social Science Research

_1 Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals

_2.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_3. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_4. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_5.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics
_6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
___8. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring
_9. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_10.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents

38
 Lesson The Kinds of Research Across
4 Fields

Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look into
something that affects your personality or your life in some important way. If you are
interested on a topic you are researching, you will enjoy reading and learning about it. To
define clearly the types of research in areas of interest you want to embark, focus your
scientific skills, your passion and ideas. It supports you to connect to your career path. The
examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to choose specific topic of your
research study which you will be exploring to create new knowledge.

What’s in?
(
Review
In the previous lessons, you learned about research methods to be used in your
particular field of study. Whatever methods are used, there are many resources to support
research, and any number of variations to the basic methods. Choosing a method of research
that is adaptable in your study as a learner guides you to start making a decision on what topic
you want to pursue.

What’s New?

I. Kinds of Research across Fields

Areas of Description Example of Studies

Interest

Arts-Based Personal expression in various art 1.The Role of Arts in Student

Research forms is use as a primary mode of Achievement in Reading
inquiry
2.How Classroom
Artistic Structure Motivates
Learning

39
 Deals with human culture such as
Research in philosophy, religion, literature, 1 Values Education in the Public
Humanities linguistics and history Schools: Practices and Challenges

It includes ancient and modern 2. Children In-Conflict with the

languages, human geography, Law: A Resolution and
laws, politics and other social Intervention
sciences.

Sports Research Intended for athletes to endure 1.Student Involvement in

their health and wellness goals Athletics and their Academic
through proven high quality Performance
products.
2.Sports and Fitness Support on
It helps the coaches and athletes Students in Public Schools
to access information and apply it
to develop programs and
techniques in sports.

Science Discover laws, postulates theories 1.Utilization of Garbage and

Research that can explain natural or social other Waste Resources as
phenomena. Cleaning Materials

Applies systematic and 2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out of

constructed scientific method to Heat Transfer
obtain, analyze and interpret data.

A strong and testable hypothesis

is the fundamental part of the
scientific research.

Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General

topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and
Mathematics confidence and interest to solve Interventions
Research more mathematical problems.

40
 It may also assist to find new
methods to 2.A Systemic Approach to
simplify calculations. Changing Classroom Practices for
Enhancing Mathematics Outcomes

Agriculture Improves productivity and quality 1.Green Space in School: Social and
Research of crops irrigation, storage Environment Perspective
methods, effective farm
management and marketing of 2.Is Urban Gardening as a Source
agricultural resources. of Well-Being?

Agriculture is the backbone of the

economic system providing food,
raw material and employment
opportunities.

Fisheries Increase the productivity and 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining

research management of fishery resources Inland Fishery
to provide food: protect and
maintain different bodies of water
for sustainable supply of aquatic 2.Fishing for Change: Fishery
resources. Policy in the Philippines

Information and Aim to adapt current technology 1.The Role of ICT in the New
Communication advancement which enhances Normal Education
Technology (ICT) development of resources.
Research 2.Exploring the Interactive
Computer Simulation in Public
Schools

Business Acquire information in business 1.Developing a Framework for

Research to maximize the sales and profit.
It aids business companies
regulates which product or service
is most profitable or in demand.
Small Scale Business
2.Business Practices and Strategies
of Small Enterprises at Limketkai
Mall

41
 Social Science Finds solutions for human 1. The Impact of COVID-19
Research behavior gathering information Pandemic on Employment
about people and societies. Opportunities

2.Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low
Risk Area of Misamis.Oriental.

(Source: Abdullah, S.N. (2018), Practical Research 1-Qualitative.ppt)

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.

1. What are those kinds of research across fields?

_
_

2.How do samples of research in different areas of interest help you in writing the research
proposal?

42
 What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the kinds and samples of research in areas of interest. Answer the
following questions on the space provided.

1. What are your views in using the samples of the research papers presented
previously in areas of your interest?

2. Can you write your qualitative research proposal through the use of such pattern from
the sample research paper?

What’s more?

Enrichment Activity

Direction: Compare and Contrast. Write in a separate sheet of paper.

Choose two researches from the different areas of interest like those in the field of arts,
humanities, sports, science, mathematics, business, agriculture, fisheries, ICT and social
science. Be able to differentiate your chosen topics. Highlight their similarities and
differences.

43
 What I have learned

Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing the letter of each
type in the correct column. Likewise, below the letter representing your answer, write the
importance of such research in your daily life.

Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business

A. Digital Age
B. Child in Conflict with the Law
C. Classroom Environment
D. Herbal Medicines
E. Financial Management

44
 What I can do

In the space provided, make a graphical presentation of the type of research which
interest you the most.

Additional Activities

Think of your own topic for research which you would like to work on. Keep in
mind what you have learned from this lesson to justify the specific research type for each
chosen topic. Write your “top two” most interesting topics below.
1)

2)

45
 Assessment

Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by
choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on the
space provided below each number.

K. Science Research
L. Fisheries research
M. Information & Communication Technology Research
N. Arts Based Research
O. Business Research
P. Humanities Research
Q. Agriculture Research
R. Sports Research
S. Mathematics Research
T. Social Science Research

_1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring

_2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_3.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
_4.Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals
_5.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_8. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_10.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics

REFERENCES