(WEEK - 1)

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MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 3
 NAME :
 Muhammad Nawaz Mirza Advocate High Court
 PRESENT APPOINTMENT:
 Managing Partner & Founder of Lex-Fora International Advocates & Solicitors
 VISITING FACULTY:
 Bahria University Karachi (2011 - 2014 and 2017 - 2021)
 Bahria University Islamabad (2015 - 2016) and (2021 Continues)
 International Islamic University Islamabad (2023 Continues)
 GUEST SPEAKER
 PN School of Logistics
 PN School of Naval Operations
 PN School of Management
 HQ Flag Officer Sea Training
 National Center for Maritime Policy and Research
 Police Training Center Karachi
 Sindh Judicial Academy
 INTERNATIONAL EXPOSURE/ FOREIGN COUNTRIES VISITED
 Malta, UK, UAE, Malaysia, South Korea (twice), Thailand, USA, Turkey, Australia
 CONTACTS
 E-mail: lexforapk.int@ gmail.com & Cell: 0346-5393672
 Happily married since 1997 and have 4 Children

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 4
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION AND PROFESSIONAL COURSES
 B Sc from Government College Lahore (1986 - 88)
 LLB from Punjab University Lahore (1989-91)
 Diploma in Taxation Laws from Punjab University Lahore (1992-93)
 Leadership Course from PN School of Management (1998)
 Judgment Writing from Sindh Judicial Academy Karachi (1999)
 Risk Assessment & Target Profiling from Pakistan Customs (2000)
 Recording of Evidence from Sindh Judicial Academy Karachi (2001)
 Advance Drug Law Enforcement from UNDCP Rawalpindi (2002)
 LLM (Maritime Laws) from IMO International Maritime Law Institute Malta (With Distinction)
(2004-05)
 International Humanitarian Laws from ICRC Islamabad (2007)
 Qualified PN Staff College in 2009
 M Sc (Maritime Warfare) from National Defence University (2008-09)
 Military Judge Course from JAG’s Law School at University of Virginia USA (2013)
 Maritime Laws (Refresher Course) from Sindh Judicial Academy (2014)
 Command and Staff Operations Law Course from Australia (2016)
 Logistics in Ports and Shipping Business (online collaborated b/w BUK & University of
Amsterdam (2021)
MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 5
RESEARCH AND LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING WORKS
Causes of Failure of Democracy in Pakistan (Thesis for MSc – NDU)

Rights of Visit Boarding & Search at Sea (Dissertation for LLM - IMO –IMLI)

Pakistan Oil Pollution Preparedness Response & Cooperation Act (Legislative Drafting

Project for LLM) (IMO – IMLI)

Editor PN War College Magazine

Compilation of Fisheries Laws and Port Laws of Pakistan

Member Committee for revision of Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976

President Committee for reviewing Fisheries, Marine Environment and HMCR Laws

EXPERIENCE AND PREVIOUS APPOINTMENTS

Head of Taxation & Corporate Law Departments (CA Firm 92-95)

Practicing advocate at Lahore High Court (1992 to 1995)

Director (Legal Affairs) Maritime Security Agency (1999 to 2002)

Manager (Legal Affairs) Port Qasim Authority (2002 to 2004)

Assistant Judge Advocate General Naval Headquarters (2005 to 2008)

Senior Staff Officer (Legal) HQ Commander Logistics (2009 to 2011)

Senior Staff Officer (Legal) HQ Commander Karachi (2011 to 2014)

Assistant Judge Advocate General Naval Headquarters (2015 to 2016)

Deputy Judge Advocate General Naval Headquarters (Jan – Apr 2017)

Deputy Judge Advocate General (South) Pak Navy (2017 to 2021)

Director Civilian Personnel Pak Navy (2021 to 2023)

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 6
 Name

 Course and Semester

 Profession

 Academic Qualification and Professional Courses

 Work Experience

 Present Job or Appointment

 Important Jobs or Appointments in the Past

 Future plans in life

 Special Academic Interest

 Expectations during this Study Program

 Any Other Relevant Information

 Contact: email & phone & Whatsapp

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 7
 CR
Name:--------------------Cell/Whatsapp: 03----------------
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MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 10
TO ENABLE STUDENTS
 To learn fundamentals of public and private Maritime laws and
admiralty law

 To have sound grasp of legal aspects which a Sea farer encounters

in their professional life

 To develop an understanding of maritime events and associated

legal issues emerging from International conventions, domestic
legislations and customary practices

 To apply legal knowledge to recognize and address legal issues by

ship owners, masters, crew, agents, govt or port officials and all
associated persons while at sea or otherwise

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 11
 W1- Introduction – Oceans Facts, History of Public International Maritime Law
 W2- Development of Law of the Sea and Law of Sea Convention-1982
 W3- Maritime Zones (Baseline, Internal Waters, Archipelagos, Territorial Sea &Contiguous Zone)
 W4- Maritime Zones (Continental Shelf & Exclusive Economic Zone)
 W5- Maritime Zones ( High Seas and International Sea Bed Area)
 W6- Jurisdictions (Flag State, Port State, Coastal State & Universal)
 W7- Functional Regimes (Navigation, Fishing, Environment, Scientific Research, Dispute
Settlement)
 W8- National Implementations of Maritime Laws
 MIDTERM EXAM
 W9- Private International Law- Constituent Parts of Maritime and Admiralty Law
 W10- Shipbuilding Contract, Sale of Ships, Ownership, Registration, Mortgage
 W11- Sea Transportation - Goods
 W12- Carriage of Passengers by Sea & Towage
 W13- Safety of Life at Sea , Safe Navigation, Collisions & Accidents
 W14- Salvage, General Average, Limitation of Liability & Marine Insurance
 W15- Marine Environment (Pollution)
 W16- Admiralty Jurisdiction & Arrest of Ships
 FINALTERM EXAM
12
MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI
 W1- Lecture
 W2- Lecture + Allocation of Assignment-1
 W3- Lecture+ Discussion on Assignment-1
 W4- Lecture+ Submission of Assignment-1
 W5- Lecture + Allocation of Assignment-2 + Quiz-1
 W6- Lecture + Discussion on Assignment-2
 W7- Lecture + Submission of Assignment -2
 W8- Lecture + Presentations + Revision + Quiz-2
 MID TERM EXAM
 W9- Lecture + Allocation of Assignment-3
 W10- Lecture+ Discussion on Assignment-3
 W11- Lecture+ Submission of Assignment-3
 W12- Lecture + Allocation of Assignment-4 + Quiz-3
 W13- Lecture + Discussion on Assignment-4
 W14- Lecture + Submission/ Presentations of Assignment -4
 W15- Revision + Guest Speaker/Visit Court/ Port Authority/ Ship + Quiz-4
 FINAL TERM EXAM
13
MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI
 Lectures 48 Hrs
 Quizes 15 %
 Assignments & Presentations 15%
 Class Activities
 Case Study
 Mid Term Exams 30 %
 Final Exams 40 %

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 14
Old Concept:
An art of transferring information from the brain of the
lecturer to the brains of the students

New Definition:
“An art of transferring information from the notes of the lecturer to the
notes of the students without passing through the minds of either”

Modern Concept:

15
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 TEXT BOOKS (PRIMARY SOURCES) 
International Conventions on Law of the Sea and Maritime Laws
Judicial decisions
Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001
Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Act, 1980
 REFERENCE BOOKS (SECONDARY SOURCE)
Law of the Sea by Churchil & Lowe
International Maritime and Admiralty Law BY William Tetley
Maritime Law by Christopher Hill
 E –SOURCES, LAW JOURNALS & NEWS PAPERS
Web Sites of UNO, IMO, IMLI, Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Port Authorities
and PNSC etc
16
MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI
 By
 Pledging to be a Responsible Student
 Ensuring to be Respectful and Respectable
 Being Regular in Attendance
 Being Punctual in Time
 Having Courage to Know

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MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 18
‫جوا ِم ْن ُه‬ ‫خ ِر ُ‬ ‫ما طَ ِريً ّا َوتَ ْ‬
‫س َت ْ‬ ‫ح ً‬ ‫ح َر لِ َتْأ ُكلُوا ِم ْن ُه لَ ْ‬
‫خ َر ا ْلبَ ْ‬ ‫ه َو الَّ ِذي َ‬
‫س َّ‬ ‫َو ُ‬
‫ه‬
‫ضلِ ِ‬ ‫يه َولِ َت ْب َت ُغوا ِم ن َف ْ‬ ‫خ َر فِ ِ‬‫ك َم َوا ِ‬ ‫س ونَ َها َوتَ َرى ا ْل ُف ْل َ‬ ‫ح ْليَ ًة تَ ْلبَ ُ‬‫ِ‬
‫ون ﴿النحل‪﴾١٤ :‬‬ ‫شك ُُر َ‬ ‫ُم تَ ْ‬ ‫َولَ َعلَّك ْ‬
‫اور وہی تو ہے جس نے دریا کو تمہارے اختیار میں کیا تاکہ اس میں سے تازہ گوشت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کھاؤ اور اس س ے زیور (موت ی وغیرہ) نکال و جس ے ت م پہنت ے ہ و۔ اور ت م دیکھت ے ہ و ک ہ‬
‫کشتیاں دریا میں پانی کو پھاڑتی چلی جاتی ہیں۔ اور اس لیے بھی (دریا کو تمہارے‬
‫اختیار میں کیا) ک ہ ت م خدا ک ے فض ل س ے (معاش) تالش کرو تاک ہ اس ک ا شک ر کرو‬
‫(‪)۱۴ :۱۶‬‬

‫‪It is He Who has made the sea subject, that ye may eat thereof flesh that is fresh‬‬
‫‪and tender, and that ye may extract therefrom ornaments to wear; and thou‬‬
‫‪seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek (thus) of the‬‬
‫)‪bounty of Allah and that ye may be grateful. (16: 14‬‬

‫‪MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
 Total Area of Earth: 510.1 million km²
 Land Area: 148.9 million km²= 29.1 % of Earth’s Surface
 Area under water (Oceans & Seas): 362 million km² (140 m miles²) =
70.9% of Earth's surface
 Volume of Oceans & Seas: 1.34 billion cubic km (320 m cubic miles)
 There are seven oceans and about 60 seas in the world
 Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Indian
Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean and Southern (or
Antarctic) Ocean
 Largest ocean - Pacific Ocean covers an area of 60,060,700 sq miles
 Smallest ocean (Arctic Ocean) - cover an area of 5,427,000 sq miles
 Largest sea - Mediterranean Sea has area of 1,144,800 sq miles
 Deepest point in oceans: Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench in
 Pacific Ocean with Maximum depth = 10,984 meters (36,037 ft)
(6.825 miles)

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 Fish: 230,000 species, including  sharks, cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
 Bacteria: ubiquitous single-celled prokaryotes,
 Archaea: prokaryotes distinct from bacteria, that inhabit many environments of ocean
 Algae: algae is a "catch-all" term to include photosynthetic, single-celled eukaryotes, a
source of edible seaweed
 Plants: including sea grasses, or mangroves
 Fungi: Many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments
 Animals: most animal phyla have species that inhabit oceans, such
as sponges, Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods,
and Echinoderms ( sea urchins and sea stars)
 Many other animal groups primarily live in ocean including cephalopods
(octopus and squid), crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, and shrimp)
 Ocean Seabirds are a diverse group of birds that have adapted to a life mainly on the
oceans
 Other birds that have adapted to oceans as their living space
are penguins, seagulls and pelicans
 Seven species of turtles, the sea turtles, also spend most of their time in the oceans

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 23
 Anadromous Stocks - Adult fish live in salt water (sea) and migrate into fresh
water to spawn
 Catadromous Species - Adult fish live in fresh water and migrate into salt water to
spawn
 Straddling Stocks - Fish stocks that migrate through, or occur in, more than one
exclusive economic zones
 Sedentary Species - Living natural resources of continental shelf - organisms
which, at harvestable stage, either are immobile on or under the seabed or are
unable to move except in constant physical contact with seabed or the subsoil
 Marine Mammals - Aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine
ecosystems for their existence. Such as seals, whales, manatees, sea
otters and polar bears. They are an informal group, unified only by their reliance
on marine environments for feeding and survival
 Highly Migratory Species – Highly migratory fish almost travels around the globe
MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 24
 HIGHLY MIGRATORY SPECIES
 1. Albacore tuna: Thunnus alalunga.
 2. Bluefin tuna: Thunnus thynnus.
 3. Bigeye tuna: Thunnus obesus.
 4. Skipjack tuna: Katsuwonus pelamis.
 5. Yellowfin tuna: Thunnus albacares.
 6. Blackfin tuna: Thunnus atlanticus.
 7. Little tuna: Euthynnus alletteratus; Euthynnus affinis.
 8. Southern bluefin tuna: Thunnus maccoyii.
 9. Frigate mackerel: Auxis thazard; Auxis rochei.
 10. Pomfrets: Family Bramidae.
 11. Marlins: Tetrapturus angustirostris; Tetrapturus belone; Tetrapturus pfluegeri; Tetrapturus albidus;
Tetrapturus audax; Tetrapturus georgei; Makaira mazara; Makaira indica; Makaira nigricans.
 12. Sail-fishes: Istiophorus platypterus; Istiophorus albicans.
 13. Swordfish: Xiphias gladius.
 14. Sauries: Scomberesox saurus; Cololabis saira; Cololabis adocetus; Scomberesox saurus scombroides.
 15. Dolphin: Coryphaena hippurus; Coryphaena equiselis.
 16. Oceanic sharks: Hexanchus griseus; Cetorhinus maximus; Family Alopiidae; Rhincodon typus; Family
Carcharhinidae; Family Sphyrnidae; Family Isurida.
 17. Cetaceans: Family Physeteridae; Family Balaenopteridae; Family Balaenidae; Family Eschrichtiidae;
Family Monodontidae; Family Ziphiidae; Family Delphinidae.

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 25
 NON-LIVING RESOURCES (NATURAL)
 Hydrocarbons

 Oil & Natural Gas

 GASES
 Carbon-dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen

 MINERALS & SALTS

 Sand, Gravel, Iron, Aluminum, Manganese, Silicon, Calcium, Sulphate,
Potassium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Cobalt, Nickle, and many more
 OTHER RESOURCES
 Water
 Wind, Tides, Waves, Salinity etc (For production of electricity)
 NON-LIVING RESOURCES (NON-NATURAL)
 Ship Wrecks & other Maritime properties qualified for salvage law (Jetsam etc)
 Artificial Islands
 Artificial Installations & Structures
 Submarine Pipelines & Cables

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 26
 Medium of Navigation for Ships

 95 % of world trade is done through Sea

 Shipping for Commerce and Trade through Sea

(Cargo 36299 + Tankers 16560 = 52859)

 Shipping for Travelling and Tourism (5369)

 Political, Military and Diplomatic uses

 Routine law enforcement in national waters or national jurisdictions

 Engage in maneuvers and weapons testing on high sea

 Military Presence
 Immediate display of force
 Direct action against a hostile vessel
 To provide logistics for land based actions
 Defense of Sea Frontiers and Conduct of Warfare at Sea

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 27
Laissez-faire Regime – Unrestricted uses of Seas (Navigation & Fishing)

Human Quest - Colonization vs Sea Resources as Common Heritage

17th Century - (Mare Liberum) vs (Mare Clausum)

18th to 20th Century Developments – Customs to Conventions

UN & LAW OF SEA – Constitution of Law of Sea

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 28
 Laissez-faire Regime

Unrestricted uses of Seas

(Navigation & Fishing)

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 29
 Territorial HIGH SEAS
Waters
Land

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 30
 Traditional Laws of Seas & Oceans – Laissez Faire Regime
 No claim of jurisdiction or sovereignty over the seas & oceans
 Freedom of Navigation and Freedom of Fishing were accepted as
universal law of inter-state conduct
 Exceptions
 Claims of jurisdiction over maritime areas adjacent to their coasts
to suppress piracy only – Coastal State Jurisdiction
 Regulation and control over ships owned by the citizens – Flag State
Jurisdiction
 Exercise of power of police on the shores and in the ports – Port
State Jurisdiction
 Exceptions subsequently also converted into main body of customary
and conventional laws as we see today

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 Laissez-faire Regime – Unrestricted uses of Seas

 Customary Law of Sea

 Imperialism - Laissez-faire Regime

 All Seas were considered as High Seas except a narrow coastal belt known
as Territorial waters

 High Seas were open to free and unrestricted uses (Freedoms of High Seas)

 Uses were – Navigation and Fishing

 Territorial Waters – Status not determined

 Nationalism (Treaty of Westphalia 1648) - Laissez-faire Regime Continued

 Freedoms of High Seas continued

 Territorial Waters – subjected to sovereignty of coastal states

MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 32
MARITIME LAW - BY CAPTAIN (R) M NAWAZ MIRZA PN LLM SPRING 2023 BUI 33