PRINCIPLES, ETHICS, AND

PRACTICES IN THE
LABORATORY
AND
STANDARDIZING A SODIUM
HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

BS Chemistry 3B
Lab 2 Group 1

BALBIN
CORDENETE
LANGUIAN
OCLEANA
Introduction
⬢ Safety is a concept that includes all measures and
practices taken to preserve the life, health, and bodily
integrity of individuals.
⬢ Perform experiments safely!
⬢ Adhere to high ethical standards and principles in
performing lab experiments.
 Incidents in the Lab
The Incident of Mixing acid And Water
- Handing sulfuric acid
Hazard/s: Health and Safety
Risk Level: Low
- Diluting sulfuric acid with water.
Hazard/s: health and safety
Risk Level: Moderate
- Disposal of Both sulfuric acid and water.
Hazard/s: Environmental
Risk Level: Low
The Incident Of Hair On Fire
- Giving Instructions On proper tying of
hair.
Hazard/s: Health and Safety
Risk Level: Low
- Using a Bunsen burner
Hazard/s: Health and Safety
Risk Level: Moderate
Incidents in the Lab
Hot Glass Incident
- Utilization of Bunsen burner The Methanol fire Incident
_ Utilization of methanol and some chemical
Hazard/s: Health and Safety
salt
Risk Level: Low
- Bend the glass tubing to form 90 degrees bend Hazards: health and safety
Risk Level: High
using Bunsen burner.
- Conducting Chemistry demonstrations,
Hazard/s: health and safety
particularly, igniting flammable liquids
Risk Level: Moderate
- Hand the glass tubing to the instructor to consult in close proximity to the observers.
Hazard/s: Health and Safety
or facilitate the bending.
Risk Level: Low
Hazard/s: health and safety
Risk Level: Low
Conclusion
• Based from the analyzed scenarios, the group were able to discuss the
importance of safety in the laboratory and apply the four principles of
safety in incident analysis namely:
- Recognize hazards
- Asses the risks of hazards
- Minimize the risks of hazards
- Prepare for emergencies
• To incorporate the “five whys” is a necessity for good lab practice.
• Hazard and root cause analysis is important as incident prevention.
• Implying all of these will establish and promote a strong safety culture
among people who are working under supervision or leadership.

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Standardization of a Sodium
Hydroxide Solution
Why
standardize?
-Determine the exact concentration
of a solution.
-To have accurate and repeatable
results for other analysts.
ACID-BASE
TITRATION
A method of quantitative analysis for determining the
concentration of an acid or base by exactly neutralizing it
with a standard solution of base or acid having known
concentration or moles.

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 NaOH
HYGROSCOPI BASE
C

KHP NaOH KHP

NON- ACID
HYGROSCOP
IC
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 NEUTRALIZATION REACTION OF
NaOH AND KHP
Balanced Chemical Equation:

NaOH(aq) + KHC8H4O4(aq)  KNaC8H4O4(aq) + H2O(l)

Net Ionic Equation:

OH2-(aq) + HC8H4O4- (aq)  C8H4O4 2- (aq) + H2O(l)

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 “
Objectives:
-Standardize a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) against titrimetric
potassium hydrogen phthalate. (KHP)
-Describe the measurement procedure, including the listing of the
measurement steps and a mathematical statement of the measured and the
parameters upon which it depends.
-Evaluate the uncertainty on simple volume measurements and weighings.
-Examine the uncertainty associated with the end-point determination.

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 Materials

Apparatus Specification  Quantity  Funnel  glass 3 pieces

Weighing Paper Whatman 5 pieces Wash Bottle - 3 piece

Erlenmeyer Flask  100mL 3 pieces Spatula plastic 3  pieces

Graduated Cylinder  50mL 1 piece Iron Stand - 1 piece

Graduated Cylinder  100mL 1 piece Burette Clamp - 1 piece

Dropper glass 3 pieces Glass Rod - 3 pieces

Base Burette  25mL 1 piece Beaker 50mL 2 pieces

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 Materials

Beaker 100mL 1 piece Tongs - 1 piece

Beaker 500mL 2 pieces Volumetric Flask 100mL 1 piece

Analytical Balance - 1 piece

Hot Plate - 1 piece

Alcohol Lamp  - 1 piece

Wire gauze - 1 piece

Tripod - 1 piece

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Reagents
REAGENT/S CONCENTRATION QUANTITY

Sodium Hydroxide 0.1 M ~1g

(NaOH) pellets

KHP crystals - 2g

Phenolphthalein - ~10 mL

Water (H2O) Distilled  1L

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METHODOLOGY

The needed materials for the experiment was

Preparation of materials prepared.

2 grams of KHP were dried at 110 degree celsius

Drying of KHP and was cooled in a dessicator for 30 minutes.

500 ml of water was boiled for five minutes and

Preparation of 0.1 M NaOH
the weighed 0.4 grams solid NaOH was dissolved
Solution and diluted to 100 mL solution.
388 mg of the pre-dried KHP was weighed and
Titration of 0.1 M NaOH transferred into a 100 mL erlenmeyer flask and
Solution was dissolved by the boiled 50 ml distilled water.
Phenolpthalein was added and the solution was
titrated with the prepared approximately 0.1 M
NaOH in a 25 mL burette.
 RESULTS AND
OBSERVATIONS
Standardization of a Sodium Hydroxide Solution
PREPARATION OF 0.1M NaOH SOLUTION

𝒏 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
𝑪𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯= ′
𝑳 𝒔𝒐 𝒍 𝒏

𝒈
𝑪𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯=𝟎 . 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝑴
𝒎𝒐𝒍

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 UNCERTAINTY IN MOLAR MASS OF KHP

Molar Mass of KHP:

𝑴𝑴 𝑲𝑯𝑷=𝟖 (𝟏𝟐 .𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕 ) +𝟓 ( 𝟏 .𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒 )+ 4( 15.9994 ) + 1(39.0983)
204.2212 g/mol
Uncertainty in the Molar Mass of KHP:
𝑪𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 = √ ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 ) + ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎 ) + ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟖 ) + (𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

g/mol
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VALUES AND UNCERTAINTIES FOR TITRATION

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 ANALYSIS AND
DISCUSSION
Standardization of a Sodium Hydroxide Solution

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 PHENOLPHTHALEIN AS AN ACID-BASE INDICATOR

Phenolphthalein Reaction

With an acid: With a base:

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UTILIZATION OF BOILED DISTILLED WATER

When performing acid-base titrations, it is necessary to boil

the distilled first in order to eliminate any dissolved CO2.
When the CO2 is dissolved in water, it produces carbonic
acid (H2CO3), which serves as a buffer and lowers data
accuracy. After some time, the pink color starts to disappear.
The majority of the CO2 in the solution will be eliminated
once the water is brought to a boil, enabling the solution to
be titrated to a more accurate endpoint.

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EXACT VOLUME OF WATER IS UNIMPORTANT WHEN
DISSOLVING KHP

The exact amount of water to dissolve KHP is

unnecessary to be determined since KHP was already
weighed beforehand wherein the moles of KHP can be
calculated from its mass. In this activity, we are only
concerned about the moles of the standard solution
(KHP), not its concentration.

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CAUSE AND EFFECT FISH BONE DIAGRAM FOR TITRATION

Bias VNaOH mKHP Calibration PKHP

Calibration
Linearity
Linearity
Endpoint
Legends: Bias
Secondary Source of Bias
Calibration
Uncertainty
Primary sources of
Uncertainty Temperature mKHP (tare) mKHP (gross)
Concentration of NaOH
VNaOH
CNaOH
Tertiary Source of
Uncertainty MKHP

Endpoint

Repeatability MKHP

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 VARIABLE CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE
UNCERTAINTY
Concentration of NaOH (CNaOH)

    In this activity the measurand is the concentration of the NaOH solution that is dependent on the mass of
KHP, its purity, its molecular weight, and the volume of NaOH at the endpoint of the titration. The formula
used to calculate the magnitude of CNaOH is shown as:

Where, 

 CNaOH is the concentration of the NaOH solution (mol L -1)

1000 is the conversion factor (ml) to (L)f
mKHP  is the mass of the titrimetric standard KHP (g)
PKHP is the purity of the titrimetric standard KHP (g)
MKHP is the molar mass of KHP (g mol-1)
VT is the titration volume of NaOH solution (mL)

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 VARIABLE CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE
UNCERTAINTY
To find the uncertainty or standard uncertainty of C NaOH , the following
formula was used:

Mass of KHP (mKHP)

    The uncertainty on the mass of KHP depends on the balance uncertainty which can be seen in the
fishbone diagram. The calibration of the balance used denotes a ± 0.0001g for the uncertainty. Thus, to
account the balance uncertainty distribution, it is given by:

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 VARIABLE CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE
UNCERTAINTY
The contribution is counted twice to account for the tare and the gross weight. As a results, the
standard uncertainty for the mass of KHP, U(m KHP) gives:

Purity of KHP (PKHP)

    Purity of KHP in the bottle was indicated in the range of 99.8% to 100.2% thus the P KHP falls in the
range 1000  ± 0.002. The given uncertainty is taken to have a rectangular distribution, therefore, the
standard uncertainty for purity of KHP is calculated and resulted to:

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 VARIABLE CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE
UNCERTAINTY
Molar mass of KHP (MKHP)

    The standard uncertainty for the molar mass of KHP is simply calculated as the square root of the
squares of the standard uncertainty of each atom. The calculated molar mass of KHP is 204.2212 g/mol
with a standard uncertainty of ± g/mol.
Uncertainty in the Molar Mass of KHP:
𝑪𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 = √ ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 ) + ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎 ) + ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟖 ) + (𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

g/mol

Volume of NaOH (VT)

    Based on the Fishbone diagram there are three factors affecting the uncertainty of V T which are the
calibration, temperature, and bias of the endpoint detection. To account for the calibration uncertainty, the
calibration is assumed to have a distribution which gives

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 VARIABLE CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE
UNCERTAINTY

On the other hand, the uncertainty due to lack of temperature is calculated by taking into
account the temperature variation of ±3℃ (with a 95% confidence interval) and the coefficient of
volume expansion for water which is 2.1x10 -4℃-1. This can be expressed as 

Whilst, the uncertainty in the bias of endpoint detection and its uncertainty is assumed to be
negligible. The standard uncertainty for V T  is then calculated by combining the uncertainty
contributions of calibration and temperature.

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SPREADSHEET CALCULATION AND HISTOGRAM OF
UNCERTAINTY CONTRIBUTIONS

Spreadsheet Calculation Of titration Uncertainty Contributions in NaOH

Uncertainty (Trial 1) Standardisation (Trial 1)

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SPREADSHEET CALCULATION AND HISTOGRAM OF
UNCERTAINTY CONTRIBUTIONS

Spreadsheet Calculation Of titration Uncertainty Contributions in NaOH

Uncertainty (Trial 2) Standardisation (Trial 2)

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SPREADSHEET CALCULATION AND HISTOGRAM OF
UNCERTAINTY CONTRIBUTIONS

Spreadsheet Calculation Of titration Uncertainty Contributions in NaOH

Uncertainty (Trial 3) Standardisation (Trial 3)

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 CONCLUSION
-By knowing the expected concentration of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
calculated concentration of NaOH based on the titration procedure, its percent
error was calculated.

-The largest contributor in uncertainty is the volume of the titrant or NaOH

-The analysts were successful in standardizing the Sodium hydroxide solution

by titrating against a standard solution of Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP).

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 “
THANK YOU!

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