ETHICS

ETHICS
SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

Spirituality. Ingenuity. Academism
Charles W. Selby St., Centro 1, San Guillermo, 3308 Molding
Isabela the youth since 1967!
Definition of ETHICS in Research
•A methodology or
perspective in making sound
and right decisions
pertaining to actions to be
taken, and the analysis of
intricate problems and issues.
Importance of ETHICS in Research
•Ethics keeps the researcher

from committing
misconduct while seeking
knowledge and truth, and
respecting and protecting the
rights of the respondents.
Importance of ETHICS in Research
•It promotes essential values

that help researchers to have
a common understanding and
work on a topic
harmoniously.
•It also draws out public trust.
RESEARCH ETHICS PRINCIPLES
Aside from the desirable traits

that a researcher must possess,
there are equally favorable ethical
principles that must be observed
in the conduct of any research
investigation, especially those
that involve human or animal
objects.
HONESTY
Intellectual honesty must be upheld
in the planning, execution, and
writing of research report. The
research proposal must be
transparent, stating all concerns so as
not to deceive the respondents and
other researchers.
HONESTY
Honesty must also be observed in
executing procedures by following
strictly the proposed
methodology.
Fabrication or falsification of
research data must never be an
option.
OBJECTIVITY
Research investigations must be free
from any forms of bias. They must
not serve the interest of any parties,
but the interest of finding the truth.

INTEGRITY
The research must uphold sincerity and
consistency. The planned research
methodology must be consistent with
the executed procedures. If ever there
are variations, these must not be totally
different from those stated in the
proposal.
CAREFULNESS
Any research must be free of careless
errors of negligence. Error in
procedures must be foreseen so that
measures must be planned to avoid
them. There must also be provisions in
the research where careful and critical
evaluation of the work is addressed.
OPENNESS
Researchers must be open to constructive
criticism. This is because no research
has the monopoly of knowledge. Any
methods can still be refined and
improved. Conversely, any ideas, results,
and resources must be shared for the
benefit of future investigations.
•RESPECT FOR
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
•Ideas, copyrights, patents, and other
forms of intellectual property owned
by other individuals must be
acknowledged properly when used as
bases in any investigation.

•TRUSTWORTHINESS
•It is manifested in research if data and
information about human respondents are
used only for the purposes of the research.
•The researcher must keep all data
confidential for the protection of the
respondents from public scrutiny or
discrimination.
SOCIAL & LEGAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Legalities, rules, and regulations of an
institution or government must be considered
when conducting a study. Research results
must be published with the aim of advancing
knowledge and promoting social welfare,
minimizing harm and risk, and maximizing the
benefits for the target population.

ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
In conducting qualitative research, some

ethical issues must be considered. These are:
-Animal rights and welfare
-Human rights
-Scientific misconduct
Animal Rights and Welfare
If the use of animals in research

is inevitable, it is suggested that
the 3Rs – reduce, refine, replace
– must be considered.

REDUCE
The least number of animal subjects is
recommended. If casualties cannot be avoided,
these should be minimized without sacrificing
the quality of research results. However, this
practice is contrary to the social science
research where the number of subjects should
be maximized to elicit valid and more
comprehensive conclusions.
REFINE
If harm cannot be avoided, research
procedures are evaluated and refined carefully
to minimize possible pain and suffering of the
animal subjects. They should be treated in such
a way that they are free from stressful
conditions. They should also be given proper
care while under the period of study.
• REPLACE
•If there is a possibility of replacing

animals by other materials or other
nonliving or non- biological subjects,
replacement opinion must be explored.

• ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998

• Republic Act 8485
• The purpose of this act is to protect and
promote the welfare of all animals in the
Philippines by supervising and regulating the
establishment and operations of all facilities
utilized for breeding, keeping, treating, or
training all animals either as objects of trade,
subjects of research, or as household pets.
Human Rights in Research
1. Right to Voluntary Participation
All human respondents should
participate in a research study out of
his free will. They should not be
forced or coerced to participate in
any research undertaking.

2. Right to Informed Consent
All respondents should be informed of all
procedures, potential risks, and benefits
that the research would bring. They may
also demand a written agreement or
informed consent form from the
researcher before participating.

•3. Right to be Protected from Harm

•The respondents shall be subjected to
anything that may cause them
inconvenience or physical, emotional, and
psychological harm.

•4 . Right to Confidentiality
•All personal information extracted
from the respondents shall be made
confidential and should not be
disclosed to the public at all
conditions. They must also be assured
that details of their responses are
secured and will be used only for the
5. Right to Anonymity
A respondent may choose not to disclose
his or her identity to anyone, including the
researchers themselves. This means that
all information and data that could be
gathered from a participant could not in
anyway identify him/her to other
participants.
Scientific Misconduct
Researchers are expected to follow

rules and proper conduct in doing
research. However, due to immense
external pressure, there are some
researchers who break the rules and
oftentimes deviate from proper
protocols, resulting to scientific
misconduct.
•1. Fabrication and

Falsification of Data
•It involves producing data without an
actual experimentation or altering data
in recording for the intention to fit them
to what are expected.
2. Non-publication of Data
It involves choosing not to include data
because they do not conform to the well-
established body of knowledge or are
unsupportive of the research hypothesis.
Only the results that do not reject the
hypothesis are reported and published.
3. Faulty Data Gathering
Procedures
Negligence or carelessness lead to errors
in measurement or faulty research
instruments. Error may also be caused by
inappropriate application of treatment to
the subjects and poor data recording.
4. Plagiarism
This fraudulent act involves claiming
another person’s ideas, work, or usually
publication. It is a from of intellectual
property stealing and dishonesty that
usually happens in scientific publications.


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ETHICS

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

•Ethics keeps the researcher

•It promotes essential values

Aside from the desirable traits

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

bases in any investigation.

benefits for the target population.

In conducting qualitative research, some

If the use of animals in research

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

•If there is a possibility of replacing

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

• ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

•3. Right to be Protected from Harm

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

Researchers are expected to follow

•1. Fabrication and

SOUTHERN ISABELA ACADEMY, INC.

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