SOLIDS,

LIQUIDS,
and GASES
CHEM 18
CHARACTERISTICS of SOLIDS
• It has strong attractions that dominate the motion.
• The particles are usually closer together than in liquid.
• It has a specific shape.
• It does not flow significantly.
• It compresses even less than liquids.
CLASSIFICATION of SOLIDS
IONIC SOLIDS
• Has a structural unit composed of ions with electrostatic attractions
being its interparticle force of attraction.
METALLIC SOLIDS
• Has a structural unit composed of metal cations with metallic bonds
being its interparticle force of attraction.
CLASSIFICATION of SOLIDS
COVALENT MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES
• Has a structural unit composed of neutral atoms with LDF, dipole-
dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding being its interparticle force.
COVALENT NETWORK SUBSTANCES
• Has a structural unit composed of atoms connected in a network of
covalent bonds with covalent bonds being its interparticle force of
attraction.
PROPERTIES of LIQUIDS
• Viscosity
• Surface tension
• Capillary action
• Vapor pressure
• Boiling point
• Freezing point / Melting point
CHARACTERISTICS of GASES
• There are no strong forces between molecules.
• The molecules are very far apart.
• It moves randomly throughout its container and fills it.
• It is highly compressible.
• It can flow and diffuse easily through one another.
GAS LAWS
• Boyle’s Law
• Charle’s Law
• Avogadro’s Law
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• Combined Gas Laws
DEVIATIONS from IDEAL GAS
• At very high pressure and very low temperature, gases do not obey the
ideal gas equation.
• At higher pressures, compression becomes more difficult, and the
volume of gas particles becomes significant.
• Tt very low temperatures and low kinetic energy, gas particles slow
down and attractive forces become significant.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY of
MATTER
• This states that matter is a very large number of very tiny particles.
• These particles are constantly in motion and possess kinetic energy.
• As the temperature is decreased, the molecules of gas can be
compressed to liquids, then to solids.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY of
SOLIDS
• Solids consist of closely packed particles that are constantly vibrating and
are in fixed positions.
• Volume of the solid is dependent on the size of the particles.
• Particles have very low kinetic energy, and IMFA has a strong effect on
the properties of solids.
• Solids have fixed volume and shape and gravity pulls them down to the
bottom of the container.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY of
LIQUIDS
• Liquids consist of closely packed particles in continuous, random
motion while maintaining the volume.
• Volume of the liquid is dependent on the size of the particles.
• Slow movement of the molecules and low kinetic energy allows IMFA
to be present.
• Liquids have fixed volume, takes shape of a container and gravity pulls
them down to the bottom.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY of
GASES
• Gases consist of many molecules that move in straight lines; their
direction is random.
• The volume of all the molecules of the gas is negligible compared to
the volume in which the gas is contained.
• Attractive and repulsive forces between molecules are negligible.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY of
GASES
• Energy can be transferred between molecules during collisions, but the
average kinetic energy of the molecules does not change at a constant
temperature.
• The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature.