THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

PHILIPPINE ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND

THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
 Contents

01 02 03
The changing landscape of the
Intoduction Vocabulary Philippine Economy and
Society

04 05 06
The Chinese and Impact of life in the Renegotiating
Chinese Mestizos Colony Social Stratification
 Introduction
To fully appreciate the details of
Rizal's life related in the previous
chapter, one needs to locate him
within the wider context discuss the
changing landscape of Philippine
economy in the nineteenth century and
describe how these developments had
an impact on the society in which
Rizal grew up, matured, and
eventually was martyred.
It will begin by looking at the
tremendous economic development
starting in the late eighteenth century
as a product of multiple factors. The
chapter will then mop the effects of
economic developments on Spanish
policies on education, social life, and
the people of the Philippines. The role
of an important population, the Chinese
mestizos, in Philippine life and
economy will also be noted. These
Chinese mestizos will be located in the
context of the changing social
stratification in the Philippines.
02
Vocabulary
 Vocabulary
 Cash Crop – Crops cultivated for export.
 Decree - An order issued by a legal authority; a policy
pronouncement.
 Galleon trade - From 1565-1815 this was the form of
trade between the Philippines and Mexico. The Galleons
would sail to Mexico loaded with goods and return to the
Philippines carrying the payment in silver.
 Insulares - Pure-blooded Spanish born in Philippines.
 Mestizo - A person with mixed ancestry_ one parent is
Chinese or Spanish and the other is native; an important
sector of the population in 19th century Philippines.
 Vocabulary
 Merchant houses - Forms established in manila and other
cities by foreign traders.
 Pacto de Retroventa - An agreement that allowed a
landowner to sell his/her land with the guarantee that
he/she could buy the land back at the same price.
 Parian - Chinese enclave established in 1581 outside the
walls of Intramuros. The Chinese were forced to live in
the Parian
 Peninsula red - Pure-blooded Spanish born in Spain.
 Principalia - Wealthy pure-blooded natives said to have
descended from kadatoan class.
 Vocabulary

 Sangley - A term that proliferated in the Spanish

Philippines to refer to people of pure Chinese descent;
came from the hokkien word "seng-ll" meaning business.
 Social stratification - A way by which people in a
society are categorized based on socio-economic as well
as political standards.
03 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE
OF THE PHILIPPINE
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE PHILIPPINE
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
 Many scholars consider the 19th century as an era
of profound change in the Philippines.
 During this period, vast economic, political,
social and cultural currents were felt.
 In the late 18th century, monarchy in Spain
experienced a dynamic shift from the Harsburgs to
the Bourbons.
 With the goal of invigorating the profitability of
the colonies like the Philippines, Bourbons
policies and reforms were carried out.
 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE PHILIPPINE
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
 Maby imperial powers in Europe and the west were
undergoing industrialization, there was an increase of
demand for raw materials presented an opportunity in the
agricultural potential in the Philippines.
 Basco established the Royal Philippine Company in 1785
to finance agricultural projects and manage the new
trade being established between Philippines and Spain
also other Asian Markets.
 Resistance also came from various sectors like Catholic
Church that was not receptive of the labor realignments
by the planned reforms, and traders that still holding
the Galleon Trade.
 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE PHILIPPINE
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
 Global events continued to affect the Philippines at
the beginning of the 19th century.
 In 1810, the Mexicans War of Independence rattled the
Spanish Empire that may lead to the loss of the
precious Latin American colonies.
 Manila opened the world trade by 1834, as a result
foreign merchants and traders came and resided in
Manila.
 In the half of the 19th century, majority exports of
the Philippines came from cash crops like tobacco,
sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca and coffee.
04
THE CHINESE AND
CHINESE MESTIZOS
THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
 05
IMPACT ON LIFE IN
THE COLONY
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY

 Impact on life in the Colony

 The economic development precipitated social,
political, and cultural developments as well.
 This demand compelled the issuance of the
colonial government order in 1836 that required
all towns to set up primary schools to teach the
population how to read and write.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY

 As Manila became a trading center, it became

viable destination for people seeking better
opportunities or those wanting to escape the
worsening conditions in the farmlands.
 As the new economy afforded the colonial state
new opportunities it also prompted the state be
more regulatory and to assert its authority.
06 RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
 RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
 Sociologists used the term aocial
stratification to describe social standing
 • refers to a society categories into rankings
auch as wealth, income, race, education a d
power.
 Sociologists generally distinguish four main
types of social stratification;
 Slavery
 Estate
 Caste
 Social class and status.
 RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
 Social stratification involves two phenomena;

(I) Differentiation of individuals or groups on

the basis of possession of certain characteristics
whereby some individuals or groups come to rank
higher than others

(II) The ranking of individuals according to some

basis of evaluation.
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