Cementing Temperature

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KTC / UTC

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 Objectives
• Understand the importance of temperature
• API temperature schedules

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• CemCADE temperature
• Temperature Impact in deep water
• Understand the different measurement methods
• Hold a valid argument between API and CemCADE

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 Contents
• Introduction
• Heat Transfer in a Well
• API Schedules

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• CemCADE Software Temperature Module
• Deep Water Conditions
• Measurement Methods
• MWD/LWD Tool
• Evaluation
• Conclusion
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 Applications

• Fluid cementing design and additive selection (very

sensitive to BHCT)

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• Minimize the Wait On Cement
• Reduce risk associated with gas migration

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 Temperature in Circulating Wellbore

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BHCT BHST
z
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 Equation for Heat Transfer

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r

Formation

Casing
Tf
Ta
Tc

6 Z
 Bottom-Hole Temperatures
T
BHST

Transition

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Phase Steady State

API

BHCT

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 API Schedule

• Easy to Use • Have Limitations

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• Extensively Used • API Conditions

• Limited Failure • API Limitations

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 API Schedule
CONDITIONS LIMITATIONS

• Seabed depth greater than 250 ft • No Geothermal Wells

• Maximum TD 22,000 ft
• Surface Temperature 80 deg F
(Always)
• Maximum Gradient 1.9 deg F / 100
ft
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• No Surface variable conditions
• No fluid properties differentiation
• Single Point Geothermal Profile
• Rock Properties are neglected
• Time scaled parameters not taken
into account
• Basic Well Geometry is assumed
in all the schedules

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 CemCADE* Temperature Simulator
• Based on fluid flow and heat transfer
law
• Objectives

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- Predict circulating temperature while
cementing
- Account for physical parameters not
considered by API
• Minimize risk associated with
temperature

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 CemCADE* Temperature Features:
• Transient and steady-state solution
• Calculate temperature profile in annulus and casing

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• Handle multiple fluids
• Handle offshore conditions
• Default thermal properties for formation Lithology and fluid
depending on composition
• Horizontal and deviated wellbore
• Shut-in time considered
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 CemCADE* for Cement
Testing
Allows more accurate temperature prediction for:

• Thickening time test

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• UCA Compressive strength test

• Top of cement temperature

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 CemCADE* Inputs

Cement-Mud Wellbore

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• Composition • Well Trajectory
• Rheology • Open Hole Caliper
• Flow Rate • Previous Casing

Casing Formation
• Configuration • BHST
• OD-Weight • Lithology

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 Special Considerations for Designing
Cementing Jobs

• Offshore
– Returns to the sea bed

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– Riser
• Deviated or horizontal section

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 Special Considerations for Designing
Cementing Jobs
• High temperature (HPHT, geothermal)

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• Salt domes

• Long cement columns or liner

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 Deep Water Conditions
Main Sea Level 0.5 knots ~70 oF

V T

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2,000 ft

~ 0.2 knots ~ 40 oF

Mud Line

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 Sea Temperature

• For shallow water wells, the cooling effect is minor

• For deep water wells, the cooling effect becomes
predominant Sea Temperature (oF)

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30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0

• The sea is layered: 500

– Top layer, with high daily and seasonal 1000

changes (homogeneous) 1500

– Intermediate layer, acting as a transition

Water Depth (ft)

2000
West Africa
Indonesia
– Deep layer, Along East continental coasts 2500
G.O.M.
Brazil
artic water flows on the sea floor and 3000
Japan
Default Value
temperature may be below 0 deg. C 3500

4000

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 Sea Current Velocity

• Sea current velocity has a

major impact than sea
temperature on fluid

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temperature prediction
• Sea currents are very variable
with time (tides) in both
direction and intensity .
• Current velocity never is zero,
under deep-water conditions
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 Sea Current Velocity and Predictions
Temperature (deg. F)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
• If Sea current velocity is
not null, predicted 500

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temperature profile is 1000

poorly sensitive to its exact 1500

Depth (ft)
value 2000

• CemCADE is very 2500

sensitive to Sea current 3000

values Current Velocity
Lines (knots)
No current
below 600
3500 ft
0 0.1 0.2
Current velocity (knots)

Temperature
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Prediction
 Temperature Gradient below Mud Line

• Formation thermal properties below seabed are significantly

different from greater depths Logging Temperature (oF)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

• As a consequence, the temperature

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0

Datatrace Running-In
gradient is much higher than 500
10 hrs

Measured Depth Below the Mud Line (ft)

29 hrs

at deeper depths 1000

• This behavior is observed on 1500

temperature logs, when RIH

PWD Running-In

2000

2500

Wireline Logging
3000

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 First Casing Strings in Deep Water

• The high temperature gradient below the mud line will

impact BHCT during cement jobs.

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• Bigger effect is expected during WOC: quicker heating of
the cement, as the temperature difference is higher, for top
sections.

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 Determination of Static Temperature

Different methods are available to determine BHST and

temperature gradient:

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– Wireline logging
– Horner plot technique
– Offset well data
– PWD temperature data
– Others field measurements...

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 Wireline Logging
Disadvantages:
• Logging speed is critical T

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• As per API minimum Well Shut-In time
is 24 hours, before running the log
• Only given at the bottom of the well Geothermal
Temperature
Log
Temperature

z Temperature mismatch

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 Horner Plot Method
Graphically determine static temperature from:
• Two temperatures logs as a minimum

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• Knowledge of previous circulating time
T
T
BHST
2 Log
nd

2nd Log 1st Log

1st Log
z
t /(t+ t )
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 Validation
CemCADE temperature simulator has been widely used in
the field with +10 year of proven reliability:
– Tested against API data

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– Validated with several field campaigns
– Validated for deep water configuration (Indonesia,
West Africa, Japan, Brazil,…)
– Used with PWD data
– Heat conductivity of steel neglected

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 Deep Well — Field Example

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 MWD/LWD Tools
MWD-LWD record temperatures while drilling, however data
can not be used (directly) as the BHCT for cementing designs:
– Drilling process creates additional heat at the bit (~10oF).

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– High injection temperature (mud pit).
– Different fluid rheological and thermo-physical properties.
– Different wellbore configuration (drill pipe versus casing).
– High flow rates.

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 Temperature Log after Cementing

Cement hydration reactions are exothermic

Heat released during hydration will result in a
measurable temperature rise in the wellbore

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 Conclusions
• Heat Transfer in a Well
• API Schedules
• CemCADE Software Temperature Module

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• Deep Water Conditions
• Measurement Methods
• MWD/LWD Tool
• Evaluation

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