Resource Conservation Industry 05-06-07

Impacts of Resource
Conservation in the Growth

of Large Industry
Definition - Environment
 When people say “ I am concerned about Environment,”
 What do they mean?
 What does the use of the definite article mean in such a
statement?
 Is there such a thing as “the “ Environment?
 Environment is derived from the French words
 environ or environner –
 “around,” “round about,” “to surround”, “to encompass,”
these words in turn originated from the Old French virer and
viron (together with the prefix en), which mean “a circle
around, the country around, or circuit,”
 Environment – English
 The total of the things or circumstances around an organism –
including humans.
February 26, 2023 A. Moses

Environment - Meaning
‘Surroundings’
The external conditions influencing

development or growth of people,
animals or plants, living or working
conditions etc.

What is Environment?
The sum total of conditions which

surround man at a given point in
space and time.

Environment
The “study of spatial attributes of
interrelationship between living organisms and
natural environment and between
technologically advanced man and his natural
environment in particular temporal and spatial
framework”.
savindra Singh, 1989.

How Do We Interact With
Nature?
 Production of  Food
Goods & Services  Shelter
 Resource use &  Clothing
exploitation  Leisure
 Landscapes  Pollution
 Aesthetics

Exponential Growth
Population Growth Doubling Time*
 1930 = 2 billion  30 years
 2012 = 7 billion
 *Officially doubling time is the
time it takes any population to
double in size (i.e. twice as large)

Approach to the 3rd Five Year Plan
Principal Aims
 To secure an increase in national income of over 5 per cent

per annum, the pattern of investment being designed also to
sustain this rate of growth during subsequent Plan periods ;
 To achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains and increase

agricultural production to meet the requirements of industry
and exports;
 To expand basic industries like steel, chemicals industries,

fuel and power and establish machine-building capacity, so
that the requirements of further industrialisation can be met
within a period of ten years or so mainly from the country's
own resources;

Approach to the 3rd Five Year Plan
Principal Aims
 To utilise to the fullest possible extent the

manpower resources of the country and to ensure
a substantial expansion in employment
opportunities; and
 To establish progressively greater equality of

opportunity and to bring about reduction in
disparities in income and wealth and a more even
distribution of economic power.

Why is industrialization important in
India?
 India has over a billion people – spread over
3.28 million square kilometers of land and
associated water resources – surviving on a
spectacular range of biodiversity and other
natural resources.
 India is witnessing one of the fastest growth

rates in energy consumption in the world.

Why is industrialization important in India?
 Industrialization is the central dynamic force for most

countries.
 It has been a key growth objective of India's planned

economy, with heavy investments being made in this sector.
 Labour productivity is highest in manufacturing industries;

this has assisted in raising national income at a faster pace.
 The importance of industrialization in economic development

is crucial for a growing economy with a large population like
India, so prosperity through industrialization has been a long-
term strategy for the Indian government.

Why is industrialization important in India?
 Industry is essential for the production of
goods and services and is a major source of
employment and income, and industrial
development as such is essential for economic
growth.
 At the same time, industry is a major resource

and materials user and consequently industrial
activities result in emissions into the
atmosphere and the environment as a whole.
Economic reforms in India
 A leading, industrially advanced developing country,
India has large, medium and small industrial units of
production in almost all branches of the industry.
 India started her quest for industrial development after

independence in 1947.
 The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 marked the

beginning of evolution of the Indian Industrial Policy.
 The Resolution not only defined the broad contours of the

policy, it delineated the role of the State in industrial
development both as an entrepreneur and as an authority.

 Industrial policy in India has moved to a liberalized
regime since the beginning of the 1990s.
 The industry and services sectors are seen as the twin

engines of the Indian economy with an annual growth of
7% or more since the beginning of the 10 th Five – year
plan period (2002 – 2007).
 During the period 2000/01 and 2005/06, the industrial

sector contributed about 28% of the GDP (gross domestic
product) growth (MoF 2006).

 It was considered that the private sector does not have the
resources to undertake huge infrastructure projects
described by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the temples of
modern India.
 Without the basic infrastructure industries, the

foundations of a modern industrial economy could not be
laid.
 The Industrial Policy initiatives undertaken by the

Government of India since July 1991 have been designed
to build on the past industrial achievements and to
accelerate the process of making Indian industry
internationally competitive.

 Economic growth, in its turn, bears a dichotomous
relationship to environmental degradation.
 On the one hand, growth may result in “excessive”

environmental degradation through use of natural
resources and generation of pollution aggravated by
institutional failures.
 On the other hand, economic growth permits

improvement in environmental quality by making
available the necessary resources for environmental
investments, and generating societal pressures for
improved environmental behaviour, and institutional and
policy change.

 Unsustainable consumption patterns, particularly in

industrialized countries also have serious adverse impacts
on the environment, both local, and global.
 The global impacts are largely manifest in developing

countries, and further accentuate poverty.
 Institutional failures, referring to unclear or insufficiently

enforced rights of access to, and use of, environmental
resources, result in environmental degradation.

New Industrial Policy
 Tamil Nadu is formulating a ‘New Industrial Policy’, with

many innovative features to promote industrial growth
with sustainable development and create industry-friendly
environment to enable the State to achieve ‘number one’
position in the sphere of industrialization in India after
taking cognizance of the prevailing competitive/market
environment among the various States.
 The policy will aim at increasing the export share of Tamil

Nadu from current 15% to 20%.

New Industrial Policy
 The new industrial policy will concentrate on providing

incentives to industries, promoting employment, creation
of a minimum of one million jobs in industrial sector,
doubling the per capita income and current industrial
output.
 Special emphasis on development of thrust areas like Bio-

Technology, Information Technology,
Telecommunication, Pharmaceuticals, Food processing,
etc. will be one of the key features of the policy.

Small scale industry sector
 The small industry sector is considered to have a major role in the Indian
economy due to its 40 percent share in the national industrial output along
with an 80 percent share in industrial employment and nearly 35 percent
share in exports .
 The sector comprises highly energy intensive units, such as those involved
in the manufacturing of ceramics, glass, and clay – fired products for
example, bricks, roofing tiles, and pottery; metallurgical and metal
industries for example, iron foundries, steel re – rolling mills; and agro –
and food – processing industries.
 Electricity remains the main source of energy for most of these, with cost
of energy accounting for the largest component of the input cost.
 In the brick industry for example, energy costs account for 30% - 50% of
the input cost.

 The census of SSIs carried out in 2002 reports that inadequate power
supply and power shortages are the key factors hampering the growth of
the sector.
 About 10% - 20% energy savings are possible by adopting improved

operating practices and good housekeeping measures, while energy savings
of 30% - 60% can be achieved by adopting energy – efficient technologies.
 About 3 million SSI units employing nearly 16.7 million persons account
for 35% of India's total exports and about 40% of industrial manufacture.
 In real terms, the small-scale sector recorded a growth rate of 10.1% in

1994-95 as against 7.1% in 1993-94 and 5.6% in 1992-93.
 By the year 2025, if not controlled, this sector will grow even more
rapidly.

 The government’s prime role has been to encourage growth of these
industries, often neglecting environmental considerations.

 Small industries could also go one step further in addressing a sustainable
vision i.e. a trade-off between economic growth, profitability, and
sustainable environment.
 Within industries, management should be charged with the responsibility

of implementing this concept of the sustainable vision into action by
firms.
 One such measure is the concept of balancing ecology, economic, and

social factors that are included in the industry’s value system, and included
in the business planning or design phase resulting in profits through
ecologically sound products, processes, or services.

HEAVY INDUSTRY
 Heavy industries are often differentiated from light

industries as heavy industries are capital intensive, and
light industries are labor intensive.
 Light industries are easier to relocate than heavy industry,

and can be built with less investment.
 Heavy industry can be also understood as that which

produces products for other industries instead of end
users. The outputs of steel mills or chemical plants, for
example, are generally sold to other manufacturing,
service, or wholesale trade businesses as opposed to retail
consumers.

DEPARTMENT OF HEAVY INDUSTRY (DHI)
 The Department of Heavy Industry is concerned with the

development of the heavy engineering industry, machine
tool industry, heavy electrical industry, industrial
machinery and auto-industry and administers 48 Central
PSEs.
 The industries covered by this Department meet the

requirements of equipment for basic industries such as
steel, non-ferrous metals, fertilizers, refineries,
petrochemicals, shipping, paper, cement, sugar, etc.

The Department of Heavy Industry deals
with the following 19 industrial sub-sectors
Boilers Electrical Furnace Freight Containers
Cement Machinery Material Handling Metallurgical Machinery

Equipment
Dairy Machinery Mining Machinery Machine Tools
Oil Field Equipment Printing Machinery Pulp and Paper

Machinery
Switchgear and Control Shunting Locomotives Rubber Machinery
Gear
Sugar Machinery Transformers Textile Machinery
Turbines & Generator sets

Policy Failures
 Policy failures can emerge from various sources,
including the use of fiscal instruments, such as explicit
and implicit subsidies for the use of natural resources.
 Inappropriate policy can also lead to changes in

commonly managed systems, with adverse environmental
outcomes.
 Perverse production and consumption practices are the

immediate causes of environmental degradation, but an
exclusive focus on these aspects alone is insufficient to
prevent environmental harm.

Natural
On the basis of ‘Origin’
Man-made
Biotic
On the basis of
‘reproducibility’
Abiotic
Resources
Renewable
On the basis of
‘reproducibility’
Non - Renewable
Exhaustible
On the basis of ‘Exhaustibility’
Inexhaustible

Resource components
All resources have 4 components:
 physical or environmental (what they are, where they

are located).
 human/cultural (demand for them).
 economic (cost of extraction, processing, transporting).
 technological (ability to exploit resource type or access

location).

Valuing environmental
resources
 Problem with resource valuation
 Full cost is difficult to accurately determine
 Resource analysis should include “cradle to grave”

lifecycle
 Market price does not include all aspects of

extraction, use and disposal.
Valuing resources
 A root cause of environmental degradation –
many aspects of the environment and its
resources are not properly valued in economic
terms.
 Some resources are difficult (or impossible) to

describe in economic terms.
Economic value of resources
 Ways of determining value:
 Direct values – for both consumptive use and

productive use.
 Indirect values – non-consumptive value,

option value and existence value.
Environmental performance objectives

Major Industrial Resources
Raw Materials
Energy
Water

Resource Conservation
 India’s freshwater resources comprise the single most
important class of natural endowments enabling its economy
and its human settlement patterns.
 The freshwater resources comprise the river systems,

groundwater, and wetlands. Each of these has a unique role,
and characteristic linkages to other environmental entities.
 Pollution loads are similarly linked to pricing policies leading

to insufficient use of agricultural chemicals, and municipal
and industrial water use.

Resource conservation is the scheduling of

resource use so as to provide the greatest yield
for the greatest number over the longest time~
period.
P. Haggett

 Resource conservation is the planned
management of natural resources to optimize
their utility, efficient usage in their original
application, reuse, and recycling.
 The aim is to minimize the energy consumed

and wastes generated in all stages, from
production through the life of the product right
up to final disposal.

Property Rights and Resource Conservation
Private resource ownership is important for resource

conservation because it:
 Is necessary for the wide, but controlled, access encouraged by
the market process,
 Provides an incentive for resource stewardship,
 Gives owners legal standing against those who would overuse
or harm the resource,
 Gives future users a voice in today’s markets through the capital
value of resource assets.
This is especially important from the viewpoint

of resource conservation and the quality of the environment.

Property Rights and Resource Conservation
Even corporate managers have a strong incentive to look to the
future.
 Corporate officers may be concerned mainly

about the short term, but if today’s decision reduces future
profits, it will reduce the price of the firm’s stock today.
 Provides an incentive for resource stewardship,
 The firm’s board of directors, which hires and fires the top
managers, is typically dominated by large shareholders,
who are quite sensitive to changes in the price of the firm’s
stock.

Resource Markets vs. Resource Depletion
 Neither economic analysis nor empirical evidence supports the view
that the world is about to run out of key natural resources.
 When private property rights are present, increased scarcity of a

natural resource increases the price of the resource and thereby
encourages
 conservation,
 the use of substitutes, and,
 the development of new technologies to enhance supply and
reduce the demand for a resource.
 Contrary to the doomsday view, the real prices of most natural

resources have been declining during the last century.

SOME FACTS
 In 2025, India will consume 396 cubic kilometers
(km3) of water.
 This is more than double that of projections for the

United States (191 km³) and nearly one-fifth of the
total global water consumption that year.
 Worldwide Industrial water withdrawal is expected

to increase 4 times between 1900 to 2025 .

SOME FACTS
 Worldwide, industries use about twice as much water as
households and, in addition, can release harmful pollutants to
the multi-phase environment (water, soil, air, biota), such as
heavy metals and toxic chemicals.
 Lessons can be drawn for developing countries about the

strategic role of societal capacity – community, industrial,
agricultural and regulatory – in managing natural resources.
 This experience further upholds the shared roles and

responsibilities of water stakeholders in any country, city or
village.

Strategy for Water Conservation
 Equipment Design Change to facilitate reduced water
consumption with improved productivity.
 Recycling & Reuse of Process Streams.
 Creating Healthy Competition among Employees for

Water Conservation.
 Discussion on Water Consumption during daily co-

ordination meetings.
 Change in Employee Attitude through training and

awareness.

Water supply
 Conservation and efficient use
Carefully install and regularly check water supply lines to
minimize leakage
Encourage resident companies to install water-conserving
technologies
Landscape with hardy and water-saving plants
 Re-use
Practice water cascading
Spray water onto roofs in hot climates to cool buildings and
reduce air-conditioning costs
Irrigate wastewater and rainwater (even snow melt)
In dry climates, explore the option of collecting rainwater from
rooftops and impervious ground surfaces

Wastewater management
 Re-using wastewater
Wastewater can be used for irrigation and heated water from a power plant
can be reused for fish farming or in greenhouses
Consider zoning a specific section of the industrial estate exclusively for
water-using clients
 Establish a common wastewater effluent treatment plan

This is a cost-effective option for large estates
Constructed wetlands are able to remove vast quantities of nutrients, detoxify
compounds, neutralize pathogens and produce exceptionally clean water
(AIWWA, 1992-1994)
 Establish stormwater management systems

Preservation of wetlands and stream corridors
Constructed or natural retention ponds
We are like little children on the seashore trying to fill
our shells with water from the sea.
While we cannot exhaust the waters of the deep by means

of our shells, every drop that we attempt to gather into
our tiny shells is a part of the authentic waters.
-The Hindu View of Life by Dr. S.

Radhakrishnan

Industrial by-product recovery
 Product recovery from industrial waste streams, and
the recycling and reuse of wastes can reduce
treatment costs and result in reduced need for raw
materials, including water.
 It is generally recognized that it is necessary to

transition from the traditional regulatory environment
to one that provides incentives for resource
conservation, including practices that would result
from ‘integrated resource management’.

Used materials management
 Establishing storage areas for useful by-products that could
be used at a later date or for a multi-materials recycling centre
 Composting organic wastes to produce fertilizer or energy in

the form of biogas
 Developing a hazardous waste treatment facility on large

estates and
 Building and operating a dry landfill or incinerator

(though both will pose secondary problems)

Energy demand
 Nordic electricity consumption
Hydro European Distributed Demand
per capita electricity generation response
now much higher
Nuclear market
than EU average
Global Wind Nordic demand
Transmission
energy
demand Electric appliances etc
Solar
 Increasing temperatures reduce
Electricity
Industrial processes
markets,
space-heating
Fossil fuels
demand anddistribution
Condensing its
seasonal variations.
Gas turbines
Heating Cooling
CHP
Biofuel Boilers
 Cooling demand in summerDistrict Energy-carrier Efficiency
increases, butWaste
lessheat heating switching improvements

Global energy demand and supply
 Global
Hydro energy demand Distributed
European increases Demand
electricity generation response
due to
Nuclear
industrialization
market and enhanced
standard of living in many countries.
Global Wind Transmission Nordic demand
energy  Increased energy demand Electric and appliances
limited etc
demand Solar
cheap energyElectricity
supplies make energy
Industrial processes
carriers moredistribution
Condensing expensive.
markets,
Fossil fuels
 Fossil-fuel
Gas turbines use decreases.Heating Cooling
CHP
 Better conditions for biomass production
Biofuel Boilers
helps enhancing Districtbiofuel supply. Efficiency
Energy-carrier
Waste heat heating switching improvements

FOSSIL FUELS-WORLD & INDIA’S RESERVES
Fossil World’s India’s Reserves % of Remarks on Indian

Fuel Reserves (Proven) World Reserves
(Proven) Reserves
Coal 984 billion 84,414 million tonnes 8%

tonnes *will last for 200 years
Crude 140.4 658 million tonnes 0.46% will last for 16 years
Oil billion
tonnes
Natural 144.8 628 billion cubic 0.43% will last for 23 years
Gas trillion meters
cubic meter
TEDDY-2001-2002& MEDA -2012 Perspective Plan prepared by Teri, New Delhi

* As per the today's production rate.
Generation Capacity by 2012
 To meet the requirements, a total of 212,000 MW of
generating capacity would be required.
 The Government continues to play a major role (7%) in the

capacity addition in the generation side.
 The present inter regional grid capacity is 9500 MW.
 The Government is aiming to increase inter regional capacity

to 30000 MW through a national grid by the year 2012
comprising of high capacity HVDC and HVAC lines (both
765 KV and 400 KV) and 50,000 MW by 2016.

Generation Capacity by 2012
 In the past, the track record has been an

addition of only 3000 MW/year, but private
participation and higher budget allocations
will lead to an addition of 5000 MW/year.
 The Electricity Act 2003 is opening up

opportunities for private sector utilities in the
generation, transmission and distribution.

Energy
Sharing of global responsibilities !
Energy efficiency and energy modesty is not any longer a

national issue.
It is a global responsibility of every country to practice

energy modesty in particular industrialised and highly
urbanised consumer societies.

WHY ENERGY CONSERVATION?
 Sustainable energy solutions and technologies are some of

the factors which facilitate adequate industrial growth.
 Therefore they become part of the rapid transformation of

market economies.
 Hence, energy efficiency is recognized as a key factor in a

sustainable industrial development process.
 Energy is essential input for Economic Development. The

more the energy use, more developed is the Nation

WHY ENERGY CONSERVATION?
 For any sustainable development programme, conservation

and efficient use of energy resources are of paramount
importance
 One unit of energy saved at the consumption level avoids 2.5

to 3 times fresh capacity addition
 Savings through efficient use of energy can be achieved at

less than one-fifth of the cost of fresh capacity creation
 To give fillip to energy conservation measures, Govt. of India

enacted Energy Conservation Act – 2001

Energy conversion
 Condensing power decreases:
Hydro European Distributed Demand
low efficiency,
electricity increasing
generation fossil-fuel
response
Nuclear costs,
market expensive electricity
 Renewable energy increases: Nordic demand
Global Wind Transmission
energy biofuel, wind power, solar energy
demand Electric appliances etc
Solar  New technologies emerge:
Electricity
solar cells, fuel cells
markets, Industrial processes
Condensing
 distributiondioxide capture at power plants
Carbon
Fossil fuels
Heating Cooling
Gas turbines and storage in oceans or underground
 CHP
Hydrogen – an energy carrier :
Biofuel Boilers gasification of biomass / electrolysis
District Energy-carrier Efficiency
e.g.heating
vehicle fuel switching improvements
Waste heat

Energy conservation
Energy-carrier switching
 Energy is usedHydro more efficiently.
European Distributed Demand
 Heat can be recovered
Nuclear
for repeated
market
use in industry and for heating.
Global demand
 Electricity
energy
used for
Wind heat Transmission
production
demand canSolar
be replaced by Electric appliances etc
fuels, district heating Electricity
markets, Industrial processes
or solar energy. Condensing
distribution
Fossil fuels
 Heat-driven cooling
Gas turbines
Heating Cooling
 Industrial electricity consumption CHP

decreases
Biofuel to continental
Boilers level.

Security of supply
Hydro To secure energy
European Distributed supply
Demand
Nuclear market
Global Wind  Many energyNordic

Transmission sources
demand and
energy
demand Solar
technologiesElectric appliances etc
Electricity
Condensing
Preference Industrial
 markets, for local processes
distribution
Fossil fuels resources, often
Heating renewable Cooling
Gas turbines
CHP
Biofuel Boilers

DO YOU KNOW?
 1 kWh of electricity generated at thermal power station emits
3015 Kcal of waste heat

1Kg of CO2
0.6 Kg of NO2
0.09 Kg of CO
0.007 Kg of SO2 and generates 0.201 Kg of fly ash.
 1 MW power plant cost is near about Rs 4.5 to 5 Crores
 To set power plant it takes …5 years, to set up transmission lines it

takes…1year, To plan energy conservation it takes …1month,
 To promote energy conservation it takes …1 hour, But to save energy

it needs only 1second.

BENEFITS -ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDING
 Reduced energy cost
 Environmental benefits
- Resource Conservation
- Reduction in Green House Gases
 Health and safety of building occupants
 Reduced electrical demand

Energy
 India is also taking steps to ensure that the
rapid industrial growth that the country is
aiming at is sustainable both in terms of
energy use and environmental impacts.
 Efforts are being directed towards improving

efficiencies in key industries through market
reforms and directed measures.

Energy
Resource augmentation and growth in energy supply have not kept
pace with increasing demand and, therefore, India continues to face
serious energy shortages.
In recent years, the government has attached greater importance to

energy security concerns of the nation.
On the eve of the 59th Independence day, the President of India
emphasized that energy independence has to be India's first and
foremost priority, and the country must be determined to achieve
this within the next 25 years.

Energy intensity (TOE/ GDP)
Energy intensity is a good indicator of the development stage of a country in

terms of
(i) Industrialisation
(ii) Urbanisation
(iii) Electrification
(iv) Consumerism
(v) Saturation of market for electrical appliances and cars
However it is a poor and perhaps irrelevant indicator to judge the “energy

efficiency and energy modesty” of a nation. High energy intensities had been the
past trademark of development of today’s highly industrialised countries and are
therefore not so unusual for emerging economics.

Energy Efficiency in Key Industries
 The industrial sector is a major energy user
accounting for 48% of total commercial energy
consumption.
 With growing need to become competitive and

improved access to better technologies, the Indian
industry is adopting improvements in efficiencies and
lowering down the energy consumption in most of
the energy – intensive industries.

Energy supply
 Optimize total energy use
The most fuel-efficient technology should be used in power
generation or the use of energy-from-waste facilities
Explore cascading and cogeneration opportunities
Encourage the use of heat exchangers for heating and cooling
in industrial operations
Insulate buildings to reduce heat loss in cold conditions and
heat gain in hot conditions
 Maximize use of renewable energy source

Ex. The use of solar panels on rooftops can be used to heat
domestic and industrial water
Saving of Energy in Key Industries
 Energy consumed on a functional basis, by a unit amount of
plastic, (polymers like LDPE/HDPE/PP/PS) which have
densities which is about one-seventh of that of steel, is very
much lower than that required for steel, and aluminum
(aluminum requires 13 times its weight in energy to produce 1
lb from ore, steel six times).
 Plastic do not need frequent painting. This is another saving.
 In many applications steel and aluminum can be safely and

profitably replaced by plastic at lower cost and in saving
Capital Investment, which we are always in short supply.

Saving of Energy in Key Industries
 Replacement of asbestos and corrugated iron sheets by
transparent/ translucent FRP sheets that provide daylight
as well can result in saving electricity.
 Another welcome change is replacement of blades of fans

(ceiling, table & pedestal) with plastic based material, as
it will save substantial energy.
 Polymeric additives make fuels and engines more

efficient in internal combustion engines and this helps in
conserving scarce petroleum products

Which are the important industries for energy
efficiency and conservation
Order of magnitude rating
Sectors Criteria Ranking Sum
A B C
1. Thermal Power Station 1 2 1 4
2. Fertilizer 2 1 3 6
3. Cement 5 6 4 15
4. Iron & Steel 4 5 7 16
5. Chlor-Alkali 10 4 2 16
6. Aluminium 9 3 8 20
A = Total energy consumption in TOE
B = Energy cost as percentage of total cost
C = Energy intensity “TOE/ Annual turnover”
Energy Conservation by Steel Plants
 Modification in the process technology for steel making
 Introduction of coal dust in blast furnaces; replacement of

pusher – type reheating furnaces to walking beam
furnaces
 Increased proportion of continuous castings
 Introduction of briquetted coal charge in coke ovens for

improvement in coke quality.
 Waste heat recovery from the furnace flue gases, etc.

COVERAGE OF EC ACT,2001
 Standards and Labeling
 Mandatory Energy Audits
 Certified Energy Auditors/Energy Managers
 Energy consumption norms for industries
 Energy Conservation Building Codes
 Awareness and Training
 Levy penalties
 Adjudication and appellate procedures

PROVISION OF REGULATIONS IN EC ACT
FOR COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
 To notify any building as a designated consumer having connected
load of 500 KW or contract demand of 600 KVA
 To Appoint Energy Manager by Designated Consumer
 To direct any Designated Consumer to furnish the information to the

designated agency
 To amend Energy Conservation Building Codes to suit the regional

and local climatic conditions

PROVISION OF REGULATIONS IN EC ACT FOR
COMMERCIAL ESTABISHMENTS
cont…
 To prescribe guidelines for Energy Conservation

Building Codes(ECBC) for efficient use of energy
and its conservation in the building
 Directing for building occupier to comply with the

provision of the Energy Conservation Building Codes
 To direct to get Energy Audit of the building

conducted by an Accredited Energy Auditor

2020 Challenge
In order to develop a vision for the future of RCRA (Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act, 1976) the Agency has developed the following goals for the
year 2020:
 Reduce waste and increase the
efficient and sustainable use of
resources
 Prevent exposures to humans and
ecosystems from the use of
hazardous chemicals
 Manage wastes and clean up
chemical releases in a safe,
environmentally sound manner

The Resource Conservation Challenge is a new
national EPA initiative
 Focuses on conserving valuable resources through waste
reduction and energy recovery
 EPA challenges the United States to:
 Increase the national recycling rate to 35 percent by 2005
 Cut in half the generation of 30 priority chemicals in
hazardous waste by the year 2005

 EPA will rely on the development of voluntary
partnerships to meet the Resource Conservation
Challenge

The National Waste Minimization Partnership Program
encourages companies to make innovative changes in
manufacturing and production processes to reduce the
use of priority chemicals
 Voluntary partnerships help reduce the generation of

hazardous wastes containing any of 30 Waste
Minimization Priority Chemicals (WMPCs)
 Goal is to reduce the quantity of WMPCs
found in hazardous waste by 50
percent by 2005.

The WasteWise Partnership
Program is a successful program
that seeks to reduce MSW
through:
 Waste prevention
 Recycling collection
 The purchase of recycled goods
 The manufacture of recycled goods

The Product Stewardship Partnerships
involve efforts to reduce the life-cycle
impacts of products through voluntary
stewardship partnerships
 Businesses
 Retailers
 Consumers
 State and Local Governments
 Federal Government
The Coal Combustion Products
Partnership (C2P2) Program is an
effort to help promote the beneficial
use of CCPs
 An active effort to work with agencies at both the
federal and state levels, as well as industry
organizations
 Environmental benefits include
 Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
 Reduced land disposal requirements
 Reduced utilization of virgin resources
CHALLENGE
 Coal would remain major source of energy for
power generation
 Fly Ash generation would increase phenomenally
 Fly Ash if not utilized, would occupy thousands of

acres of land, flow into water bodies and pollute air
during windy days.

POWER GENERATION SCENARIO
1800
Power generation in ‘000 MW
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
800
650 300
600 500
260
400 350 200
225 500
150 390
200 70 130 140 100 300
100 60 65
30 45 125 200
0 40 55 70 75
1994 2000 2006 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032
Year
coal based non coal based

F L Y A S H G E N E R A T IO N
450
400
400
F l y A s h G e n e r a ti o n i n M n T
345
350
300 285
250 225
200 175
150 130
118
100 90
40
50
0
1994 2000 2006 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032
Ye a r
February 26, 2023 F l A.

y Moses
A sh G e n e r a ti o n
CHALLENGE
UNTIL MID 1990s
(WHEN FLY ASH MISSION WAS COMMISSIONED)
 Fly Ash was treated as a hazardous industrial waste.
 It was very difficult to get people to work in the area of fly ash
 Fly Ash was being dumped in lagoons, rivers and sea.
 There was no concept of fly ash management or handling of

different portions of fly ash separately

CHALLENGE
UNTIL MID 1990s
(WHEN FLY ASH MISSION WAS COMMISSIONED)
 Two acres of land /MW of installed capacity was being allotted for ash
pond area
 Ash pond dyke construction and raisings were done with good earth
 Water consumption for fly ash disposal was high @ 9MnT/MnT of fly
ash.
 Only three areas of fly ash utilization consuming merely 1.2 MnT of fly
ash / annum were practiced
ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR
 Fly ash has been turned into a resource material
 Fly Ash has become an area of research, management and business

(More than 1000 individuals, 3000 business organizations and 100
academic / R&D institutes)
 No more dumping of fly ash in rivers / sea. Its management has started
as a resource material. ESP ash is being collected separately in dry
form. Separate collection of bottom ash is also envisaged
 About 80% of 120 thermal power plants have installed dry fly ash
collection & dispensing units and 25 power plants have reached 100
percent utilization levels.
ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR
 Fly Ash utilization has increased from 1.2 MnT during

1994 to 52 MnT during 2006.
 Ash pond dyke construction and raisings are now done

with fly ash (Thus conserving good top soil)
 Ash pond area for new power plants is being restricted

to 1 acre/MW and plan is to reduce it further to about
0.5 acre /MW.

ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR
 Technology has been developed & is being implemented

by the industry to reduce water requirement from
9MnT / MnT of fly ash to 2-3MnT /MnT of fly ash for
disposal of un-used fly ash. Work is on to further reduce
it to 1MnT/MnT of fly ash.
 Fly Ash utilization areas have been increased from three

to about ten.

IMPACT MADE
Utilisation of 52 MnT fly ash per year has the
following impact:
 Conservation of 3000 acres of land per year
 Conservation of 40 MnT of limestone per year
 Conservation of 15MnT of coal per year
 Reduction of 40 MnT of CO2 generation / year .

IMPACT MADE
Utilisation of 52 MnT fly ash per year has the following
impact:
 Additional employment generation for 10,000 people
 Economic savings/ returns through substitution / conservation:

Rs. 4775 crore/year (US $ 1billion/year)
 25 MnT/ year equivalent cement production capacity got created

(through fly ash route) with an investment of Rs. 2000 crores as
against otherwise investment of Rs. 20,000 crores and gestation
period of 1 to 1 ½ year as against 3-5 years
AREAS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION
1994 3
2006
2
6 7 8
5
4
3
1
1 Cement Manufacture / Substitution - 89% 2
1 Cement Manufacture / Substitution - 50%
2 Low Lying Area Fill - 10% 2 Low Lying Area Fill - 17%
3 Roads and Embankments - 20%
3 4 Brick Manufacturing - 3%
Brick Manufacturing - 1% 5 Dyke Raising - 5%
6 Minefills - 3%
7 Agriculture - 1%
8 Others - 1%

IN THE PROCESS OF
DEVELOPMENT
 Flooring and wall tiles with 80 per cent fly
ash content
 Substitution of sand with bottom ash
 Fly Ash as an effluent treatment agent

OPPORTUNITY
FLY ASH IS A SOURCE FOR:
 Conservation of mineral resources

 Conservation of environment
 Better & durable products & infrastructure
 Economic returns
 Employment generation

IMPACT POTENTIAL
ITEM POTENTIAL
2012 2017
1. Economic Return (savings through Rs.11,100 crore/yr 20,000 crore/yr
substitution/conservation) (US $ 2.2billion/yr) (≈US $ 4 billion/yr)
2. Additional employment generation 20,000 75,000
3. Environment and resource Conservation
(i) CO2 reduction 80 MnT/yr 140 MnT/yr

( ii) Limestone conservation 110 MnT/yr 190 MnT/yr
(iii) Coal conservation 42 MnT/yr 72 MnT/yr
(iv) Land conservation 8000 acres/yr 15000 acres/yr
Utilisation 110 MnT/yr 220 MnT/yr
Fly Ash : 175 MnT/yr 225 MnT/Yr

Generation
62.8 98
% Utilisation

MISSION
TO HARNESS THE POTENTIAL OF
FLY ASH
Electricity saving potential
Equipment Annual Organised
electricity sector %
savings GWh
Industrial motors 1,231 98
Fluorescent tube lights 1,110 90
Agricultural pump sets 900 55
Refrigerators 695 100
Air conditioners 441 85
Ceiling & table fans 276 6
Industrial pumps 265 90
Ballasts 223 30
Industrial fans 218 85
Distribution transformers 202 50
Geysers (hot water) 147 ?
Compressors 79 95
CFLs (60W incandescent lamp) replacements 41 ?
Total 5,845

Buildings
Sustainable Design and Construction
Traditional Environmental

Some principles of sustainable design and
construction

The Environment as we
Perceive
is our own Invention

Tragedy of Commons
 Environmental resources are common resources to
which everyone has free access
 "tragedy of commons", a phenomenon present in the

degradation of almost all-common property including
the atmosphere and the oceans.
 What is owned by everyone is owned by no one so

that incentives to conserve and improve the common
property are absent or extremely weak.

MDGs
The Millennium Declaration, adopted
by 189 heads of state at the United
Nations Millennium Summit in 2000,
committed governments and
intergovernmental institutions to
focusing international economic and
social cooperation on the achievement
of eight Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) by 2015.
MDGs
This list of goals is a ground-breaking
achievement by the international community.
Not only did all U.N. member states agree to the

MDGs, but it was the first time the international
community-with the United Nations as facilitator-
identified focused, time-bound, measurable and
mutually-reinforcing development goals as a
framework for the improvement of the human
condition.

MDGs
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

BACKGROUND
 U.N. Millennium Summit in New York (2000)
 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable
Development (2002)
 Plan of Implementation
 Goals and Targets for 2015 from their levels in
1990
 Human Development and the MDG (HDR, 2003)
 MDG – Poverty, Education, Health and
Environment
 Benchmarks for assessing progress

Values Enshrined in Millennium
Declaration
1. Freedom:
The right to live with dignity, free from hunger
and fear of violence, oppression and injustice.
2. Equality:
The right for all to benefit from development
3. Solidarity:
Render help to those in need in line with the
principle of equity and social justice

Values
4. Tolerance:
Respect diversity, cherish difference and promote a culture
of peace and dialogue
5. Respect for Nature:
Better Stewardship of all resources by moving from
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption to
sustainable development
6. Shared Responsibility;
Call for commitment to share the responsibility of managing
economic and social development while ensuring internal
peace and security
Objectives
1. Peace, security and disarmament,
2. Development and Poverty reduction,
3. Protecting our common environment,
4. Human rights, democracy and good
governance,
5. Protecting the vulnerable
6. Meeting the special needs of Africa
7. Strengthening the United Nations

MDG
MDG
8 Goals
18 Targets
48 Indicators

Goal #7
Ensure environmental sustainability
Target:
Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and
programs and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
Target:
By 2015 reduce by half the number of
people without sustainable access to
safe drinking water.
Target:
Achieve a significant improvement
in the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers by 2020.
Goal #7
Statistics
 In 2000, more than 1.1 billion people lacked access to
clean and safe water.
 In sub-Saharan Africa, only 57% of the population has
access to safe water.
 People suffering from water-borne diseases occupy half of
all hospital beds in the world.
 In 1990, diarrhea led to 3 million deaths.
 Six to seven billion tons of carbon dioxide produced by
human activity is released into the atmosphere each year.

(Continued)
Goal #7
Statistics
 Total forestland shrank by 94 million hectares (232 million
acres) in the last decade and now covers only about 30% of all
land.
 1.2 million people in poverty depend on forests to provide jobs
and food.
 There are an estimated 924 million slum dwellers. The number
is expected to rise to 1.5 billion by 2020
 94% of slum dwellers live in developing countries.
 In 2001 more than 70% of the urban population of developing
countries lived in slums.
 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation.

Goal #8
Develop a global partnership for development
Target:
Develop further an open trading and
financial system that is rule-based,
predictable and non-discriminatory.
Includes a commitment to good
governance, development and poverty
reduction—nationally and
internationally.
(Continued)
Goal #8
Target:
Address the least developed countries’
special needs. This includes tariff- and
quota-free access for their exports,
enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted
poor countries, cancellation of official
bilateral debt; and more generous official
development assistance for countries
committed to poverty reduction.
(Continued)
Goal #8
Target:
Address the special needs of landlocked and
small island developing states.
Target:
Deal comprehensively with developing
countries’ debt problems through national
and international measures to make debt
sustainable in the long term.
(Continued)
Goal #8
Target:
In cooperation with the developing countries, develop
decent and productive work for youth.
Target:
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,
provide access to affordable, essential drugs in
developing countries.
Target:
In cooperation with the private sector, make available
the benefits of new technologies—especially
information and communication technologies.
Goal #8
Statistics
 Assistance from developed countries decreased by a
third in the 1990s.
 In 2001 landlocked countries received only 6% of all
official development assistance.
 In 2002, 74 million young people (15 to 24) were
unemployed. They account for 41% of unemployed
people globally.
 Latin America has the best availability to technology,
of all the developing regions, with almost 60 per
1,000 people with access to a computer.
Goal # 8 – Indian Scenario
 Increase in Tele-Density
 Personal Computers
 Internet facilities

India’s Progress
Human Development Index Rankings: Selected Countries
Country Rank
Japan 11
Singapore 25
Argentina 34
Mexico 53
Brazil 63
Thailand 73
The Philippines 84
China 85
Sri Lanka 93
India 127
India’s Progress, 1991 – 2001: Selected
Social Indicators
S. No. Indicator 1991 2001
1. Population (Millions) 846.40 1028.60
2. Annual Growth rate of 2.14 1.93
Population (%)
3. Fertility Rate 3.8 (1990) 2.9 (2003)
4. Sex Ration 927 933
5. Life Expectancy 58.6 64.8
6. Literacy Rate 52.20 65.49
7. Male 64.13 75.96
8. Female 39.24 54.28
9. Human Development Index 0.513 0.602 (2003)
Value
10. Population below poverty line 37.1 26.0
India and MDG Targets : A
Comparison
S. No. Indicator India’s Targets (Year) MDG’s Targets
(2015)
1. Reduce Poverty (%) 11 (2012) 17
2. Primary Enrolment (%) 100 (2003) 100
3. Infant Mortality Rate (Per 28 (2012) 26
1000 Live births)
4. Maternal Mortality Rate 1 (2012) 124
(Per 1000 Live births)
5. Forest Cover (Increase %) 33 (2012) Reverse Loss
6. Access to water (Rural %) 100 (2007) 78
7. HIV/AIDS Zero level increase Reverse the
(2007) Spread

Choice before Us
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

Sustainability
Sustainable Society
 manages its economy and population size without
exceeding the environments ability to absorb pollutants,
replenish resources, and sustain human and ecological life
forms.
Sustainable Development
 meeting present needs without preventing future
generations from meeting their potential needs

Definitions
“Development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own
needs”
World Commission, 1983

Sustainable Development is a process
in which
the exploitation of resources,
the direction of investments,
the orientation of technological
development, and
the institutional changes are all made
consistent with future as well as
present needs. FAO, 1995

Govt. of India's Tamil Nadu's Tenth Plan Position of Tamil Nadu compared to All India
Monitorable Targets for Monitorable Targets
the Tenth Plan and
beyond
1. Reduction of poverty To reduce poverty ratio by The poverty ratio in Tamil Nadu in 1999-2000 is
ratio by 5 percentage 10% by 2007 and aiming at 21.12%. All India average in 1999-2000 is 26.10%.
points by 2007 and by 15 near - elimination by 2012.
percentage points by 2012
2. Providing gainful high- To bring down Unemployment rate in Tamil Nadu as measured by
quality employment to the unemployment rate as current daily status in 1999-2000 is 12.05% as
addition to the labour measured by current daily against the all India average unemployment rate in
force over the Tenth Plan status by 6% by 2007 and to 1999-2000 of 7.32%.
period. near-zero by 2012.
3. All children in school By the year 2005, there The enrolment up to Class V (age group 6-11) is
by 2003; all children to would be universalisation of 98.96% in 2003-04 and the girls enrolment at
complete 5 years of education until Class V, 98.93%.
schooling by 2007 with special effort for girls The total enrolment for elementary education in
and disadvantaged groups 2003-04 is 96.90% and for the girls 95.52%.
100% retention of all The drop out rate at primary level in 2003-04 was
enrolled children till age 14 12.63% (for girls 15.24) and at middle stage 28.96%.
by 2007 The drop out rate has been declining over the years.
100% access to a school Under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, it is proposed to
within a km. by 2007 enroll all the school age children in schools by 2003,
complete 5 years of schooling by 2007, 8 years of the
schooling by 2010 and total eradication of drop outs
by 2010.

4. Reduction of gender gaps in Gender gap reduction by 2007 In Tamil Nadu the gender gap in literacy in
literacy and wage rates by at of all rural-urban and female- 2001 is 17.78%. The gender gap in literacy
least 50% by 2007. male disparities in wages, at all India level in 2001 is 21.69%.
health, education by 50%
5. Reduction in the decadal To reduce decadal population The decadal population growth in Tamil
rate of population growth growth by 7% by 2011 and to Nadu in 1991-2001 is 11.2%. At the
between 2001 and 2011 to establish population National level the population growth is
16.2%. stabilization. 21.3%.
6. Increase in Literacy rate to Raising of literacy rate from The Literacy rate in Tamil Nadu is 73.5%
75% within the Plan period. 73.5% in 2001 to 80% in 2007 in 2001. All India Literacy rate in 2001 is
65.38%. Tamil Nadu is well above the
national average.
7. Reduction of Infant Reduction of IMR to 28 per IMR in Tamil Nadu in 2002 is 44 per 1000
mortality rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007. live births. IMR at All India Level in 2002
1000 live births by 2007 and to is 64 per 1000 live births.
28 by 2012.
8. Reduction of Maternal Reduction of MMR to 1 by MMR in Tamil Nadu in 2001 is 1.3 per
mortality ratio (MMR) to 2 2007 and 0.5 by 2012. 1000 births. At All India Level the MMR in
per 1000 live births by 2007 2001 is 4.0 per 1000 live births.
and to 1 by 2012.

9. Increase in forest and To increase and stabilize According to SFR 2001, the forest cover and
tree cover to 25% by forest area cover by 25% by tree cover constitute 16.5% and 4.7% of the
2007 and 33% by 2012. 2012 and also to ensure total geographical area of the State, i.e., totally
density of tree cover by eco- 21.2%. For the country as a whole, the forest
stabilisation, eco-restoration cover is 20.6% and the tree cover 2.48%
and eco-protection (totally 23.08%). The National Policy has
stipulated a forest and tree cover of 33%. The
recorded forest area in Tamil Nadu is 17.6% of
the geographical area.
10. All villages to have To provide drinking water to The status of rural water supply as of 2003
sustained access to all habitations and making resurvey is that 35% of the total habitations
potable drinking water them as fully covered are fully covered (40 lpcd and above), 49%
within the Plan period habitations. partially covered (10-39 lpcd) and the balance
16% not covered (0-9 lpcd and quality
affected).
The objective of the Government is to cover the
entire rural habitations and to upgrade
additional 1000 habitations with 40 lpcd to 50
lpcd.

11. Cleaning of It is proposed to take Under the National River Conservation Programme, the GOI has
major polluted up works on river approved a Project to clean Chennai City Water Ways at a cost of
rivers by 2007 and cleaning, lake Rs.1700 crores. The work is progressing in 11 out of 16 packages.
other notified conversion, and The expenditure till 2002-03 was Rs.196.58 crores and the
stretches by 2012 environmental expenditure during 2003-04 was Rs.76.71 crores.
awareness in the Further, a Centrally Sponsored scheme of Abatement of Pollution
Tenth Plan. in five polluted stretches of river Cauvery in Tamil Nadu, viz,
Tiruchi, Erode, Bhawani, Kumarapalayam and Pallipalayam, at an
overall cost of Rs.3627.75 lakhs is being implemented from 1996-
97. The project period is 10 years. The expenditure till 2003-04 is
Rs.800.63 crores.
An integrated proposal for cleaning the river Cauvery, Vaigai and
Thamiraparani along 7 towns, viz, Tiruchi - Srirangam,
Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Karur, Myladuthurai, Madurai and
Tirunelveli at a cost of Rs.575 crores has been taken up. The
project is spread over 4 years.
Under National Lake Conservation Programme environmental
upgradation through bio-remediation of Ooty and Kodaikanal
lakes is being undertaken at a cost of Rs.688 lakhs.
A project proposal for Ambur Municipality for diluting the treated
industrial effluent containing high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
with treated domestic waste water at a cost of Rs.25 crores and
similar project for Ranipet and Wallajah towns at a cost of Rs.25
crores have been sent to GOI for approval.

Thinking Through The
Environment
Historical Changes
 Non-Western societies
 Lower technology levels and different
attitudes prevailed.
 Western perspective
 Nature as adversary, something that
Nature had to be overcome.
 Pronounced man/nature dichotomy.
 Attitudes towards unrestrained

exploitation of natural resources.
 No sense of limits in terms of capacity.
 Often supported by religious beliefs,

particularly Christianity.
 Man / nature symbiolism.
Nature
Source: Jean Rodrigue
Environmental Movements (1960s and 70s)
Rising affluence Growth of leisure and tourism (pristine environments).
Rising levels of Better-educated people developed greater awareness of

education environmental problems
Environmental Many environmental organizations founded. National
organizations Wildlife Federation (1936); United Nations Environment
Programme (1972); WorldWatch (1974).
Pollution Water pollution, waste disposal and acid rain became the
first widely noticed hazards
Scientific evidence “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson (1962) and “The
Population Bomb” by Paul Ehrlich (1968)
Politics Decade when environmental issues began to become
politicized. Green parties: Political parties focusing
primarily on environmental issues
Environmental Retreat (1980s)
 Creation of a sustainable development ideology
 Carbon Dioxide was found to cause global warming (1983).

 A hole in the ozone layer was found over the Antarctic (1985).
 Brundtland Report “Our Common Future”:
 Sustainable is used for the first time.
 Maintenance of life support systems.
 Working to reduce the threats to those systems represented by erosion,

pollution, deforestation, etc.
 Preservation of genetic diversity.
 Providing us with insurance for the future by guarding against the ravages
of crop diseases.
 Investment for future crop-breeding or pharmaceutical development.
 Sustainable development of species and ecosystems

Environmental Retreat (1980s)
 Environmental ethics
 “We have not inherited the earth from our parents;
we have borrowed it from our children.”
 Development is often viewed in materialistic
terms.
 Focusing on resource utility through conservation.
 Environmentalism as an elitist attitude intended to

prevent development in the South.

Environmental Globalism (1990s)
 UN World Conference on Environment and Development
 Rio de Janeiro (1992):
 Largest such gathering ever (100 heads of state).
 Placed the environmental agenda at the center of the world stage.
 Development made possible by the end of the Cold War.
 Establish “Agenda 21”, a blueprint for action.
 Europe and Japan:
 World leaders in environmental affairs.
 USA:
 Role of obstructionist.
 Objected to any negative references concerning consumption

patterns in the developed countries.
 Had the most to lose.

Environmental Movement in India
 Rethinking the idea of development philosophically
but also through solutions
 Water management – tanks, small dams etc
 Forest management – community control
 Biodiversity – national park management integrated with
indigenous knowledge
 Fisheries – against trawlers and demarcation of ocean
waters
 Three broad phases
 Struggles to be heard
 Concerns of environment by media, institutions
 Globalisation of consumer society in the 90s

Industrial Ecology (IE)
 In an industrial system, the consumption of energy
and materials is optimized and the effluents of one
process… serve as the raw material for another
process (Frosch and Gallopoulos, 1989)
 Industrial metabolism concept suggests businesses

must improve material efficiency, as unbalanced
inputs (raw materials) and outputs (waste and
consumer products) have negative impacts on the
natural world (Ayres 1995)

Industrial Ecology (IE)
 IE involves designing industrial infrastructure as if
they were a series of interlocking ecosystems
interfacing with the natural global ecosystem (Tibbs
1992)
 IE is an attempt to model the industrial system on

natural ecosystems that demonstrate resource-
efficient operations
 The exchange of by-products between companies is

one way of creating industrial ecosystems or
industrial symbiosis

Industrial Ecology: How it works?
• IE involves analysis of the flows of -
• materials,
• energy,
• capital,
• labour, and
• information
• within production and consumption systems.
 It considers the impacts of these flows on the environment, as

moderated by the influences of technological, economic,
political, regulatory, and social factors.
from R. Frosch, The Bridge, 1999

Industrial Ecology: The Objectives
The objectives of industrial ecology are
 to better integrate environmental and social

concerns in the design and management of
industrial activities, and
 to inform public policy decision making.

Industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark

Managing the Industrial Estate as an
(Eco)-System - Some Strategies & Tools
 Promoting an Environmental Programme
 Cleaner Production
 Eco-Efficiency
 By-product Synergies
 Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control
 Energy Conservation
 Water Conservation
 Industrial Health & Safety
 Emergency Response & APELL

Key issues
 The principles discussed provide a solid
foundation for the development of planning
and operational strategies in industrial estates
 These principles are based mainly on a

preventive approach that tries to sidestep
future problems ( and the cost of solving them)

Developing an environmental policy
• Policy are usually developed through an interactive
consultative process within an organization
•The organization options must be responsive to the
context of the surrounding society, and be sensitive to trade
and market factors
•Possible environmental management strategies for
industrial estates range from providing a minimum of
services to more comprehensive approaches

Steps Towards Sustainable
Industrial Industrial Ecosystem
Development ... Cleaner Production
Env. Management System
Env. Monitoring & Auditing
Waste Reduction
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Water
Waste Management
Effluent Treatment
Solid Waste Disposal
No Management (Business as Usual)
Conclusion
Encourage industry to increase and
strengthen its capacity to develop
technologies, products and processes
which are safe, less polluting, and
make more efficient use of all
resources and materials, including
energy.
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Impacts of Resource

Conservation in the Growth

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

The external conditions influencing

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

The sum total of conditions which

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

savindra Singh, 1989.

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 1960 = 3 billion  17 years

 1977 = 4 billion  12 years

 1989 = 5 billion  10 years

 1999 = 6 billion  13 years

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 To secure an increase in national income of over 5 per cent

 To achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains and increase

 To expand basic industries like steel, chemicals industries,

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 To utilise to the fullest possible extent the

 To establish progressively greater equality of

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 India is witnessing one of the fastest growth

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 Industrialization is the central dynamic force for most

 It has been a key growth objective of India's planned

 Labour productivity is highest in manufacturing industries;

 The importance of industrialization in economic development

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 At the same time, industry is a major resource

 India started her quest for industrial development after

 The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 marked the

 The Resolution not only defined the broad contours of the

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 The industry and services sectors are seen as the twin

 During the period 2000/01 and 2005/06, the industrial

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 Without the basic infrastructure industries, the

 The Industrial Policy initiatives undertaken by the

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 On the one hand, growth may result in “excessive”

 On the other hand, economic growth permits

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 Unsustainable consumption patterns, particularly in

 The global impacts are largely manifest in developing

 Institutional failures, referring to unclear or insufficiently

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 Tamil Nadu is formulating a ‘New Industrial Policy’, with

 The policy will aim at increasing the export share of Tamil

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 The new industrial policy will concentrate on providing

 Special emphasis on development of thrust areas like Bio-

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

February 26, 2023 A. Moses

 About 10% - 20% energy savings are possible by adopting improved

 In real terms, the small-scale sector recorded a growth rate of 10.1% in

February 26, 2023 A. Moses