S Development

Ensuring Environmental
Sustainability
Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 1

Environment
The “study of spatial attributes of
interrelationship between living organisms
and natural environment and between
technologically advanced man and his
natural environment in particular temporal
and spatial framework”.
savindra Singh, 1989.

Sunday 26 February A.Alagappamoses 2
2023
Interaction of Man & Environment
Mans relationship with environment has
centered on his struggle to
 secure more food

 goods
 fuel and
 shelter necessary due to growing
population.

Needs for Studying Environment
 To understand some basic facts about the
environment.
 To suggest some long lasting successful
solutions to the environmental problems.
 To live sustainable to the environment, so
that peaceful coexistence with other forms
of life could be effective.

Awareness
Awareness is a continuous process in which
the consciousness and knowledge of an
individual is triggered to grow and awaken
in order to understand the state of
environmental conditions, its
consequences and the measures that have
to be taken towards facilitating the
process of sustainable development.

Ecological System

Worth of Ecosystem
 Costanza et al 1997, “The value of the world’s ecosystem

goods and services,” Nature, 387:253-260.
 Pollination, Raw Materials Production, Water Supply, Waste
Recycling & Pollution Control, Recreation & Education, Climate
and Atmosphere Regulation, Soil Formation and Erosion Control
Control of Pests & Diseases
 Value of services: US$16 to $US54 trillion
 World GNP: US$18 trillion
 Ecosystem-to-GNP ratio 1.8

Ecosystem Modification by Human Activity

Exhaustion of Natural Resources
 Rainforest loss: 1 acre per second
 Annual temperate forest loss: 4 million hectares
(Siberia), 1 million hectares (Canada)
 Forests: 40% (1,000 years ago) 30% (1900) 20% (today)
 Loss of 20% of all species by 2030
 Grain production: 465 MT (1987) 229 MT (1996)
 Fisheries: 22 MT (1950) 100 MT (1987) 90 MT (1995)
 Movement of more material than natural forces
 Loss of 24 billion tons of topsoil annually

The Question of Intervention?
Whether it is appropriate to intervene
deliberately in Nature?
“Compensating for the destruction of an

Ecosystem by the Restoration or Creation of
one of the Equal value”
Robert Elliot, 1982

Mode of Ecosystem Repair

Mode of Ecosystem Repair

Why Restore?

Trends shaping the next century
Population Growth Shrinking Forests
Rising Temperature Dwindling Fisheries
Falling Water Table Loss of Biodiversity
Shrinking Crop Land Vanishing Lakes

per Person

Pollution: A Public Bad
 Commons is a public good.
 Protection of it is a public good.
 Who pays the Cost?
 How to incorporate this cost into the economic equation?

Identifying Environmental Problems

Type I
Resource depletion and its consequences

Environmental Problems
Type - 1
 Forest Degradation
 Soil Erosion
 Overgrazing
 Poor Sanitation

Type II
Environmental Pollution and its consequences

Type - 2
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Waste Dumping
 Pesticide Residues
 Ground Water Depletion

Type III
Global problems and its consequences

Type - 3
 Green House Effect
 Ozone Depletion
 Automobile Pollution
 Marine Pollution
 Biological Extinction

Water Requirement
1 Tonnes of grain requires

1000 tonnes of Water

Cost of Environmental
Degradation in India
$ 10 billion per year

(4.5% of GDP)

Urban Air pollution
$ 1.3 billion
Water Degradation
$5.7 billion

Soil Erosion
$ 2.4 billion
Forest Loss
$ 0.2 billion

The Environment as we
Perceive
is our own Invention

MDGs
The Millennium Declaration, adopted
by 189 heads of state at the United
Nations Millennium Summit in 2000,
committed governments and
intergovernmental institutions to
focusing international economic and
social cooperation on the achievement
of eight Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) by 2015.
MDGs
 This list of goals is a ground-breaking
achievement by the international community.
 Not only did all U.N. member states agree to the

MDGs, but it was the first time the international
community-with the United Nations as
facilitator-identified focused, time-bound,
measurable and mutually-reinforcing
development goals as a framework for the
improvement of the human condition.

MDGs
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

BACKGROUND
 U.N. Millennium Summit in New York (2000)
 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable
Development (2002)
 Plan of Implementation
 Goals and Targets for 2015 from their levels in
1990
 Human Development and the MDG (HDR, 2003)
 MDG – Poverty, Education, Health and
Environment
 Benchmarks for assessing progress

Values Enshrined in Millennium
Declaration
1. Freedom:
The right to live with dignity, free from hunger
and fear of violence, oppression and injustice.
2. Equality:
The right for all to benefit from development
3. Solidarity:
Render help to those in need in line with the
principle of equity and social justice

Values
4. Tolerance:
Respect diversity, cherish difference and promote a culture
of peace and dialogue
5. Respect for Nature:
Better Stewardship of all resources by moving from
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption to
sustainable development
6. Shared Responsibility;
Call for commitment to share the responsibility of
managing economic and social development while
ensuring internal peace and security
Objectives
1. Peace, security and disarmament,
2. Development and Poverty reduction,
3. Protecting our common environment,
4. Human rights, democracy and good
governance,
5. Protecting the vulnerable
6. Meeting the special needs of Africa
7. Strengthening the United Nations

MDG

Goal #1
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target:
Reduce by half the
number of people who
live on less than a dollar
a day.
Target:
Reduce by half the
number of people who
suffer from hunger.
Goal #1
Statistics
 In 2003, 1.2 billion people were living in
poverty (surviving on less than $1 a day).
 More than 800 million people are
malnourished.
 Malnutrition causes more than half of all
child deaths.
Goal # 1 – Indian Scenario
 People below poverty line: 1999 – 260.03 M

 Rural Poor : 193.2 Million
 Urban : 67.1 Million
74% of the total poor are in Rural India

Goal #2
Achieve universal primary education
Target:
Ensure that all
boys and girls
complete a full
course of primary
schooling.

Goal #2
Statistics
 In 2003, 115 million children were not enrolled in
primary school.
 Three-fifths of the 115 million children not enrolled
in primary school are girls.
 Children enrolled in primary school have a one in
three chance of completion.
 The youth literacy rate (of people aged 15 to 24) is
85% in developing countries.

 Net enrolment ratio in primary Education was
82.8% in 2001.
 Percentage of pupil reaching School final was
83.8 in 2001.
 Literacy rate of 15 – 24 year olds 76.4 in 2001.
 Target 2015 will be 100 %
 But as of September 2004 about 8.1 million
Children are still out of school

Goal #3
Promote gender equality and empower women
Target:
Eliminate gender
disparity in primary
and secondary
education by 2005
and at all levels by
2015.

Goal #3
Statistics
 There are 876 million illiterate adults in the world; two-
thirds of them are women.
 In Sub-Saharan Africa the ratio of boys to girls enrolment
in primary and secondary schools is 8 to 1.
 The number of literate women increased from 390 million
to 432 million in 2000 (a global increase of 3%, raising
the rate to 83%).
 In 2003 the number of women holding seats in national
parliaments was 15%.

 India should promote gender equality and
women empowerment
 Status of women
 Treatment of girl child
 Female infanticide
 Maternal mortality rate
 Dowry system

Goal #4
Reduce child mortality
Target:
Reduce the
mortality rate of
children under five
by two thirds.

Goal #4
Statistics
 11 million children die each year before they reach
the age of five, in most cases by easily treatable
diseases.
 20% of child deaths in developing countries were
caused by preventable acute respiratory infections.
 Child mortality rates have only fallen by 12% since
1990.
 The infant mortality rate in 2001 in the developing
world was 61 deaths per 1,000 births.

Goal #4
(Continued)
Statistics
 30 million children worldwide do not receive
vaccinations for easily preventable diseases.
 In the developing world only 78% of children
are immunized against tuberculosis and 69%
against measles.
 If progress is not dramatically accelerated in
sub-Saharan Africa, this goal will not be
achieved until the year 2165.

India Per
Year % of the World
Indicator
Total
(in Million)
Live Births 25 20
Child Deaths (under 5) 2.4 22.2
Infant Deaths 1.7 22.3
Neonatal Deaths (4 weeks old) 1.1 30

Goal #5
Improve maternal health
Target:
Reduce the maternal
mortality rate by
three quarters.

Goal #5

Statistics
500,000 women died during pregnancy or childbirth
in 2000, 99% of them in developing countries.
 Only 58% of women in developing countries give
birth with a trained doctor or midwife.
 More than 80% of deliveries occur in areas without
proper emergency obstetric care facilities.
 78,000 women, 13% of all maternal deaths, die from
unsafe abortions.

(Continued)
Goal #5
Statistics
 Every year more than 2.2 million pregnant women, who
are infected with HIV, give birth.
 Approximately 700,000 newborn babies contract the
HIV virus from their mothers on an annual basis.
 Women are 175 times more likely to die during
childbirth in sub-Saharan Africa than in a developed
country.

Births Attended by Maternal Mortality
Country Skilled Health Ratio (Per 1 Lakh
personnel (%) Live births)
India 13 540
Sri Lanka 97 92
China 97 56
Maldives 70 110
Thailand 99 44

Goal #6
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target:
Stop and reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
Target:
Stop and reverse the
incidence of malaria
and other major
diseases.
Goal #6
Statistics
 In 2002, 42 million adults and 5 million children
were living with HIV/AIDS, over 95% of them in
developing countries (70% of them in sub-Saharan
Africa).
 In 2003 alone, 3 million people died from AIDS;
since 1996 over 20 million people have died.
 14 million children have lost one or both parents to
AIDS; by 2010 the number is expected to reach 25
million.

(Continued)
Goal #6
Statistics
 Tuberculosis is the leading infectious killer of adults
and kills almost 2 million people a year; malaria kills
more than 1 million people a year.
 People with HIV/AIDS are seven times more likely to
develop tuberculosis.
 In 2000, 17 million people in Africa were affected with
both HIV and tuberculosis simultaneously.

Indicator Number (Year)

Estimated No. of HIV 5.134 Million (2004)
infections
Cumulative No. of AIDS 96,978 (2004)
cases reported
Cumulative No. of AIDS 7,322 (2004)
Deaths

Goal #7
Ensure environmental sustainability
Target:
Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and
programs and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
Target:
By 2015 reduce by half the number of
people without sustainable access to
safe drinking water.
Target:
Achieve a significant improvement
in the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers by 2020.
Goal #7
Statistics
 In 2000, more than 1.1 billion people lacked access to
clean and safe water.
 In sub-Saharan Africa, only 57% of the population has
access to safe water.
 People suffering from water-borne diseases occupy half of
all hospital beds in the world.
 In 1990, diarrhea led to 3 million deaths.
 Six to seven billion tons of carbon dioxide produced by
human activity is released into the atmosphere each year.

(Continued)
Goal #7
Statistics
 Total forestland shrank by 94 million hectares (232 million
acres) in the last decade and now covers only about 30% of all
land.
 1.2 million people in poverty depend on forests to provide jobs
and food.
 There are an estimated 924 million slum dwellers. The number
is expected to rise to 1.5 billion by 2020
 94% of slum dwellers live in developing countries.
 In 2001 more than 70% of the urban population of developing
countries lived in slums.
 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation.

Goal #8
Develop a global partnership for development
Target:
Develop further an open trading and
financial system that is rule-based,
predictable and non-discriminatory.
Includes a commitment to good
governance, development and poverty
reduction—nationally and
internationally.
(Continued)
Goal #8
Target:
Address the least developed countries’
special needs. This includes tariff- and
quota-free access for their exports,
enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted
poor countries, cancellation of official
bilateral debt; and more generous official
development assistance for countries
committed to poverty reduction.
(Continued)
Goal #8
Target:
Address the special needs of landlocked and
small island developing states.
Target:
Deal comprehensively with developing
countries’ debt problems through national
and international measures to make debt
sustainable in the long term.
(Continued)
Goal #8
Target:
In cooperation with the developing countries, develop
decent and productive work for youth.
Target:
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,
provide access to affordable, essential drugs in
developing countries.
Target:
In cooperation with the private sector, make available
the benefits of new technologies—especially
information and communication technologies.
Goal #8
Statistics
 Assistance from developed countries decreased by a
third in the 1990s.
 In 2001 landlocked countries received only 6% of all
official development assistance.
 In 2002, 74 million young people (15 to 24) were
unemployed. They account for 41% of unemployed
people globally.
 Latin America has the best availability to technology,
of all the developing regions, with almost 60 per
1,000 people with access to a computer.

 Increase in Tele-Density
 Personal Computers
 Internet facilities

India’s Progress
Human Development Index Rankings: Selected Countries
Country Rank
Japan 11
Singapore 25
Argentina 34
Mexico 53
Brazil 63
Thailand 73
The Philippines 84
China 85
Sri Lanka 93
India 127

India’s Progress, 1991 – 2001: Selected
Social Indicators
S. No. Indicator 1991 2001
1. Population (Millions) 846.40 1028.60
2. Annual Growth rate of 2.14 1.93
Population (%)
3. Fertility Rate 3.8 (1990) 2.9 (2003)
4. Sex Ration 927 933
5. Life Expectancy 58.6 64.8
6. Literacy Rate 52.20 65.49
7. Male 64.13 75.96
8. Female 39.24 54.28
9. Human Development Index 0.513 0.602 (2003)
Value
10. Population below poverty line 37.1 26.0
India and MDG Targets : A
Comparison
S. No. Indicator India’s Targets (Year) MDG’s Targets
(2015)
1. Reduce Poverty (%) 11 (2012) 17
2. Primary Enrolment (%) 100 (2003) 100
3. Infant Mortality Rate (Per 28 (2012) 26
1000 Live births)
4. Maternal Mortality Rate 1 (2012) 124
(Per 1000 Live births)
5. Forest Cover (Increase %) 33 (2012) Reverse Loss
6. Access to water (Rural %) 100 (2007) 78
7. HIV/AIDS Zero level increase Reverse the
(2007) Spread

Choice before Us
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development

Sustainability
 Our current resource consumption and destruction of natural
systems is unsustainable.
 Humankind can live sustainably if and only if it controls its
population, lives within nature’s resources, and extensively
protects natural systems.
 Construction industry has disproportionate impacts on the
environment and resources.
 “There is no inherent conflict between protecting the
environment and a strong human economy because the
environment is the support system for all human activity.”
Anthony Cortese, Earth Day 1995
Sustainable Development (SD)
What does it mean?
SD should consider:
 Economic growth and development

 Environmental protection
 Social and cultural needs

Basic Principles of SD
(Birnie and Boyle, 2002)
 Integration of environmental protection and

economic development
 Right-to-develop
 Sustainable utilization and conservation of natural
resources
 Inter- and intra-generational equity
 “Polluter pays” principle

 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment
(Stockholm Conference):
 Hinted at SD but did not precisely define it;
 1978 UN Environmental Program Review:

 “eco-development”
 1980 International Union for the Conservation of

Nature (WWF and UNEP):
 Formulated a World Conservation Strategy
 “Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable
Development”

Sustainable Development:
Brundtland Legacy
 1987: World Commission on Environment and
Development (The “Brundtland Commission”)
 “Our Common Future”: Coined the term

 ”Development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”
Rio Legacy
 1992: UNCED
 Rio Declaration (“Human beings are at the centre of concerns
for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and
productive life in harmony with nature” )
 Agenda 21 : Global Programme of Action on Sustainable
Development
 Global Conventions
 CSD and Task Manager system

Definitions
“Development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs”
World Commission, 1983

Sustainability
 The ability of a
specified system to
survive and function
over time

Sustainable Development is a process
in which
the exploitation of resources,
the direction of investments,
the orientation of technological
development, and
the institutional changes are all made
consistent with future as well as
present needs. FAO, 1995

Sustainable Development
 Assumes that we have a right to use the
earth’s resources and earth capital to meet
our needs but that we have an obligation to
pass on the earth’s resources and services
to future generations in as good or better
shape than these condition were passed on
to us.
 Intergenerational equity or fairness

Sustainable society
 Manages its economy and population size without
exceeding all or part of the planet’s ability to:
-absorb environmental insults
-replenish its resources
-sustain human and other forms of life over a
specified period (100s-1000s of years)

Environmentally Sustainable Society
 Satisfies basic needs of people

 Does not deplete or degrade natural resources
 1997: Americans think environmental problems
can be given a “quick fix”
 People want a better environment, but don’t want
to change how they live

Types of sustainability
 Economic sustainability
 Social sustainability
 Environmental sustainability

Economic Sustainability
Growth
Development
Productivity
Conservation

Social Sustainability
Equity
Empowerment
Accessibility
Participation
Institutional Stability

Environmental Sustainability
Ecosystem integrity
Carrying Capacity
Biodiversity

Economic Sustainability
Environmental Social
Sustainability Sustainability

Sustainable • Environmental
• Economic Development
Development
Development
• Trade • Oceans
• Finance
• Investment • Atmosphere
• Technology • Forests
Transfer
• Social
Development • Climate
• Health
• Education
• Energy
• Water
• Food

How can we live
more sustainably?

Working with the Earth
 Earth wisdom: learning as
much as we can about how
the earth sustains itself and
adapt to ever-changing
environmental conditions
and integrating such
lessons from nature into
the ways we think and act

Planetary management
worldview
 Our success
depends on how
well we manage
earth’s system
for our benefit

India ranks 101 on Environmental Sustainability Index
ESI Rank Country ESI Score

30 Japan 57.3
31 Germany 56. 9
41 Netherlands 53.7
69 Italy 50.1
79 Srilanka 48.5
85 Nepal 47.7
101 India 45.2

Problems of Sustainability
Food Crisis
Energy Crisis
Global Climate Change

Global Climate Changes
The rate and magnitude of global climate

changes over the long term have many
implications for natural ecosystems.
The 1980s and 1990s are the warmest

decades on record

Global Climate Changes
The 10 warmest years in global

meteorological history have all occurred in
the past 15 years
The 20th century has been the warmest

globally in the last 600 years.

Solutions for Sustainable Development
Sustainable development provides a framework for the

integration of environmental policies and
development strategies. It recognizes that
development is essential to satisfy human needs and
improve the quality of human life. But development
must be based on the efficient and environmentally
responsible use of all of society's scarce resources —
our natural, human, and economic resources.

Limiting Factors in using Nature
Carrying Capacity Threshold Level

 The maximum amount  The point at which the
that can be assimilated by environment stops
the environment without functioning as a resource
causing dysfunction in
 The point at which
resource processes
dilution is no longer the
Assimilative Capacity solution
 The amount the
environment can tolerate
without harm

Carrying Capacity
 In any environment the resources can only
support a limited number of animals before
they are depleted completely.
 There is a balance between the resources and

the animals which use the resources.

Carrying Capacity
& Ecological Footprint
 Carrying Capacity
 ...the maximum population that can be sustained in a habitat
without the degradation of the life-support system.
 sustained, instantaneous, maximum, optimum, human, physical,
hydrologic, global, biophysical, real, and natural carrying
capacity, carrying capacity per resource, KL
 UN forecast of between 7.7 and 12 billion people in the year 2050.
In 1995 the world’s population was 5.7 billion with an annual growth
rate of 1.6%, creating a doubling time of 43 years. Wide variety of
estimates as to how many people the world can support.

Human carrying capacity estimates
 Ecological footprint with
multiple constraints such as
food, fuel, water, housing,
and waste disposal used.
 Calculates current demand
on resources by each
country in hectares of land
per person
 World ecological capacity is
1.7 ha per person alive in
1997

Tourism
 Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to an
area. If well planned, developed and managed.
 Tourism generates local jobs and income and
provides opportunities for local community.
 If not well planned, developed and managed,
Tourism can result in congestion, pollution

and environmental problems.

Ecotourism
 Since the publication of the Brundtland Report in
1987, the “Sustainable Development” concept has
made some steps. Even though it is ambiguous, one
try to find ways to realize it. Because of its
dependency on natural ecosystem and the importance
of the tourism market.
Many researchers look towards “Ecotourism”.

Environmental Education
ECOTOURISM
Nature-Based Tourism
Sustainable Tourism

Ecotourism and Environmental
Education
To foster clear awareness of, and concern about,
economic, social, political and ecological.
To provide with opportunities the knowledge,
values, attitudes, commitment and skills needed to
protect and improve the environment
To create new patterns of behaviour of individuals,
groups and society as a whole toward the
environment.

Local participation is an important feature of
ecotourism as it serves two purposes;
1. To elevate the negative pressure on the environment

by local communities,
2. by providing them with an alternative source of
income, and to distribute the revenue back to the local
community.

We were extremely concerned with local participation
within the limits of the carrying capacities as following:
- Physical carrying capacity

: number of tourist is not
too much.
- Ecological carrying
capacity : is not to ruin the
nature area sites.
- Cultural carrying
capacity : the tour program
has to manage the
participant of tourist to
keep the activity real, not
be a show.
Compromise Approach for Dynamic Equilibrium
Activities D Activities
Y
Stress Balancing N Stress Producing
A
Anti Stress M Stress
I Urbanization and
Planning C Industrialization
Anti Stress Stress
Pollution Control Measures

E
Pollution
Q
U
Conservation of Resources I Resource Depletion
L
Environmental Health I Health Hazards
B
R
I
External Anti Stress U External Stress
Sunday 26 February 2023 M
A.Alagappamoses 111
Concluding Thoughts
 Sustainability is difficult to achieve but ultimately a
necessity.
 Present trends make sustainability an impossibility.
 Huge increases in resource efficiency are required.
 Construction industry must participate for sustainability to
succeed.
 Green, high performance buildings are construction
industry’s response to the problems of environmental
degradation and resource consumption.

Conclusion
“These eight commitments…are simple but powerful
objectives that every man and woman…can easily
understand and support. They are also different from
other bold pledges that became broken promises over
the past 50 years: first, because they have
unprecedented political support; second, because they
are measurable and time-bound, with most of this
agenda meant to be attained by the year 2015; and
third -- and most important – because they are
achievable.”
-Kofi Annan, Secretary-General
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Ensuring Environmental

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 1

savindra Singh, 1989.

 secure more food

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 3

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 4

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 5

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 6

 Costanza et al 1997, “The value of the world’s ecosystem

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 7

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 8

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 9

“Compensating for the destruction of an

Robert Elliot, 1982

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 13

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 14

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 15

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 16

Population Growth Shrinking Forests

Rising Temperature Dwindling Fisheries

Falling Water Table Loss of Biodiversity

Shrinking Crop Land Vanishing Lakes

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 17

 Commons is a public good.

 Protection of it is a public good.

 Who pays the Cost?

 How to incorporate this cost into the economic equation?

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 18

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 19

Resource depletion and its consequences

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 21

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 22

Environmental Pollution and its consequences

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 23

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 24

Global problems and its consequences

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 25

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 26

1 Tonnes of grain requires

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 27

$ 10 billion per year

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 28

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 29

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 30

Sunday 26 February 2023 A.Alagappamoses 31

 Not only did all U.N. member states agree to the

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 People below poverty line: 1999 – 260.03 M

74% of the total poor are in Rural India

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