Foundation - HU - Lec - 6 Design of Shallow Foundations Lec#2

Foundation Engineering I
Hawassa University Institute of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering
Bereket Bezabih
beackon@gmail.com
2018/19
Chapter Four
Design of Shallow Foundations
Lecture Two
Contents
• Introduction
• Structural Design of Shallow Foundations
• Elements of Limit State Design
• Loads on Foundations
• Analysis of Section: Review of RCD
• Shear and Bonds
• Structural Detail Requirements
• References
2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 3

Structural Design of Foundations
• Characteristics Material Strengths
• The strengths of materials upon which design is based are
those strengths below which results are unlikely to fall
• These are called 'characteristic‘ strengths
• The characteristic strength is taken as that value

below which it is unlikely that more than 5 per cent
of the results will fall

• Characteristics Material Strengths
• Characteristics compressive strength of concrete,, for various
concrete grades are given in EBCS 2 as shown below
Grade of Concrete C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
(N/mm2) 12 16 20 24 32 40 48
• Characteristics tensile strength of concrete, can be determine

by;

• Partial factor of Safety
• Other possible variations such as constructional tolerances are
allowed for by partial factors of safety applied to the strength of
the materials and to the loadings
• Partial factor of safety for materials
Partial Factor of Safety
Material 0.85 𝑓 𝑐𝑘
Limit State 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 , 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 = Comp.
Concrete Steel 𝛾𝑐
Ultimate 𝑓 𝑐𝑡𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 , 𝑓 𝑐𝑡𝑑 = Tens.
Flexure 1.5 1.15 𝛾𝑐
Shear 1.5 1.15
Bond 1.5 𝑓 𝑦𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 , 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 =
Serviceability 1.0 1.0 𝛾𝑠

• Partial factor of Safety
• Errors and inaccuracies may be due to a number of causes: design assumptions and
inaccuracy of calculation, possible unusual load increases, unforeseen stress
redistributions and constructional inaccuracies
• Partial factor of safety for loads
Load Combination and Partial Factor of Safety for Ultimate Limit State
Load Permanent Load, Variable Load, Wind,
Combination
Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial
+ 1.35 1.35 1.5 0.0

+ 1.35 1.0 1.5
+ 1.35 1.35 1.35
• Loads on Foundations
• Distributions of vertical loads on foundations
• For routine regular frame structures the loads on foundation
can be determine using the following assumptions
• The vertical dead load and live loads tributary to a particular
footing may be computed with reasonable accuracy as the sum of
loads half way through to the next adjacent gravity loads
• The vertical loads tributary footing include the loads at all floors
and also include the entire load from any cantilever that are
tributary to the support
• Any redistribution of dead and live loads due to flexural moments
can be ignored
Note that this is approximate method and for actual analysis code
provisions shall be consulted

Loads on Foundations
• Example 4.3
• Consider the following case of a commercial building .It is planned to
be constructed on a soil of USCS class CH. The shear strength of the
foundation soils is 60kPa, seismic zone 2A and wind speed of
100mph.The following data is provided for the dead load and live
load computations. Consider columns to be square 360mm .
A. For the building condition, determine the dead load on a typical interior column B3
B. For the same building and column determine the live load.
C. Determine the appropriate load combinations for LRFD design
a) Ultimate load for bearing capacity
b) Ultimate load for settlement
Dead Load
Roof Floor surface
Roofing Wall around M E Roof Top Terrazzo Perimeter walls Shear walls
Equipment Room Concrete
0.72kN/m2 8.75kN/m 7.2kN/m2 0.9kN/m2 8.75N/m 9.23kN/m
Live Load
Roof Floor Partition Walls Stairwell
1.44kN/m2 2.88kN/m2 0.6kN/m2 4.79kN/m2





• Analysis of Section: Review of RC Design
• Stress-Strain Relationships
• Concrete
• Stress-strain behavior of structural concrete is given below
The curve is parabolic until linear

afterwards
The u ,typical for all grades of concrete
The udesign stress is given by

where the factor 0.85 accounts for
difference between bending strength and
cylinder crushing strength
2/26/23 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 14

• Stress-Strain Relationships
• Reinforcement Steel
• The representative short term stress strain curve is given below
The behavior of steel is identical in compression
and tension i.e. linearly elastic after up to yield
point and plastic afterwards
The design yield strain can be computed for , and
𝜀 𝑦𝑘 =
( )𝑓 𝑦𝑘
𝛾𝑠
=
500 𝑘𝑃𝑎/ 1.15
= 0.00217
𝐸𝑠 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎

• Distribution of Stress and Strain Across a Section in Bending
• Flexural theory for reinforced concrete assumes that concrete cracks
in regions of tensile strain and all tensile stress is carried by steel
• It is also assumed that plain section remain plain after straining
hence there is a linear distribution of strain across the section

• Distribution of Stress and Strain Across a Section in
Bending
• Since there is compatibility of strains between steel and concrete,
relationship between steel strains in tension, and in compression
from strain diagram
• The relationship between depth of neutral axis, x, and maximum
concrete strains and steel strains is;
• For analysis of a section with known steel strains, the depth of

the neutral axis can be determined by rearranging as ;
• Hence, to ensure yielding of steel at ULS

• Distribution of Stress and Strain Across a Section in
Bending
• To increase the degree of confidence, EC limits the depth of
neutral axis to for concrete grades less than C35/45 and for
higher grades of concrete
• is moment redistribution ration and for zero moment distribution
• for concrete and for
• These limiting values of neutral axis depth (xbal) are such that,
when reached, it is necessary to change the section design from
singly reinforced (tension steel only) to doubly reinforced
(compression and tension steel)
• The corresponding limiting value of moment is referred to as
the balanced section moment, Mbai

• Bending and the Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block
• The equivalent rectangular block can be used for ultimate limit
state design
Note that the equivalent rectangular

block does not extend to the neutral
axis but to s=0.8x hence its centroid
will be s/2=0.4x

• Singly reinforced rectangular Sections
• Bending of such a section induce a tensile force Fst in steel and compressive
force Fcc in the concrete
• For equilibrium the ultimate moment , M ,must be balanced by the moment of
resistance of the section
, where z is the moment arm

and
Hence and replacing s

if we let
Solving for z,

• Singly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• On the other hand,
• Hence,
• For concrete grades less than C35/45 the zbal =0.82d
• Hence

• Singly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• The moment resistance of a given section may be computed by;
Hence depth of stress block s,
and x=s/0.8

• Doubly reinforced rectangular Sections

• When the ultimate moment exceeds balanced moment for the
section i.e. for C35/40,compressive reinforcement is required
• For this condition the EC restricts to ensure tension failure
• The equilibrium of doubly reinforced section is given by;
• With

• Taking moment about the centroid of tension steel As
• Multiplying both sides by zbal and rearranging gives
with zbal=0.82d

• Doubly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• Substituting Kbal and K=M/fckbd2
• Here it is assumed that the compression steel has also yielded, so

fsc=0.87fyk
• From the proportion of strain distribution of diagram
so that,

• Doubly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• At yield with fsy=460N/mm2,the strain in steel
• For yielding of compression steel
• If is necessary to calculate the strain and compute
Limiting constant values

Concrete Grades
<C35/45 >C35/45
Limiting 0.45 0.35
Maximum z(zbal) 0.82d 0.86d
Kbal 0.167 0.136
Limiting d’/d 0.194 0.151
• Shear and Bonds
• Shear
• The shear capacity of concrete is given by
Where
design shear resistance of a section without shear reinforcement
area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the critical

section by at least full anchorage plus effective depth
the smallest width of the section in tensile area in mm

• Shear and Bonds
• Table Summaries for
Concrete shear
Capacity

• Shear and Bonds
• Shear
• Shear stresses in subjected to uniformly loaded slabs are
sufficiently resisted by the concrete shear strength i.e. with out
the need for shear reinforcement
• The ultimate shear force is made less than the concrete shear
strength
• If the allowable shear stress and the applied ultimate shear
stress the design requirement shall be

• Shear and Bonds
• Punching Shear
• Concentrated loads on slabs
cause shear stress on
section around the loads
area known as punching
shear
• The critical surface for
checking punching shear is
located at 2d from the loads
area

• Shear
• Punching Shear
• The maximum shear force that can be carried by the slab
without shear reinforcement can be computed using the
previous equations
• If the slab has two way tensile reinforcement
• Hence, the resistance force shall be
Where length of punching perimeter

Average effective depth
• The maximum permissible shear force, ,must also be checked

• Bond (Anchor, Development Laps)
• Basic anchor length for good bond condition,,is given by
•
• The basic anchor length must be modified further to give minimum net
anchor length,, to account for other factors
0.3 in tension
0.6 in compression
or 100mm

• Bond (Anchor, Development Laps)
• The lap length required is given by
where
1 for compression laps
1 for tension laps with 30% lapped bars and cover is greater
than 2 diameters and spacing between adjacent sets of
lapped bars is greater than 6 diameters, otherwise 1.4
1.4 for tension laps with greater than 30% lapped bars
2 if the above conditions are not met
• The absolute minimum lap,

• Structural Detailing Requirements
• Minimum Cover
• The minimum cover is a function of concrete mix quality, fire resistance
and performance environment
• Cover of reinforcement is shown as nominal,
• is an allowance for construction deviation
•
• Traditional the minimum cover for superstructure 25mm and
substructure 50mm is adequate
• Please consult codes for detailed directions

• Maximum Spacing of Reinforcements: Crack Control
• Cracking due to loading can be controlled by ensuring the clear
space between longitudinal reinforcement is as shown in the
table below
• The steel stress shown in the table is computed by using

• Maximum Bar Diameter: Crack Control
• When cracking is as a result of restraint to shrinkage or thermal
effects then the bar sizes must be limited as indicated in table
below
• But the maximum spacing limits of before do not need to be
applied
• The steel stress to be used in table can be calculated from the
expression

• Minimum Spacing of Reinforcements
• To permit concrete flow around reinforcement during
construction, the clear distance between bars should not be
less than
• the maximum bar size,
• 20 mm, or
• the maximum aggregate size plus 5 mm (if the aggregate size
exceeds 32mm), whichever is the greater figur

• Minimum Area of Reinforcement
• For quick reference the principal requirements, to be checked
at the detailing stage, are as specified below
Tension Reinforcement in beams and Concrete Class (

Slabs
C25/30 C30/35 C40/50 C50/60
0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021

Secondary Reinforcement >20% main reinforcement

• Minimum Area of Reinforcement
• For most purposes, thermal and shrinkage cracking can be
controlled within acceptable limits by the use of minimum
reinforcement quantities
area of concrete within tensile zone

tensile strength of concrete suggested value 3N/mm2
stress distribution coefficient 1 for pure tension 0.4 for flexure
non linear stress distribution coefficient should be taken as 0.8
but for rectangular section greater than 800mm 0.5 may be
used other wise take 1.0

• Maximum Area of Reinforcement
• These are determined from practical need to achieve adequate
compaction of the concrete around the reinforcement
• For a slab or beam, tension or compression reinforcement

Reference values
Concrete Grades C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
fck(N/mm2) 12 16 20 24 32 40 48
fctm(N/mm2) 1.572 1.905 2.210 2.496 3.024 3.509 3.962
fctk(N/mm2) 1.101 1.333 1.547 1.747 2.117 2.456 2.774

fbd(N/mm2) (High
Bond) 1.651 2.000 2.321 2.621 3.175 3.684 4.160

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Foundation Engineering I

Hawassa University Institute of Technology

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 3

• The characteristic strength is taken as that value

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 4

• Characteristics tensile strength of concrete, can be determine

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 5

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+ 1.35 1.35 1.5 0.0

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2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 9

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 10

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 11

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 12

2/26/23 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 13

The curve is parabolic until linear

The udesign stress is given by

2/26/23 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 14

The design yield strain can be computed for , and

2/26/23 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 15

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• For analysis of a section with known steel strains, the depth of

• Hence, to ensure yielding of steel at ULS

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Note that the equivalent rectangular

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, where z is the moment arm

Hence and replacing s

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Hence depth of stress block s,

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• The equilibrium of doubly reinforced section is given by;

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• Multiplying both sides by zbal and rearranging gives

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• Here it is assumed that the compression steel has also yielded, so

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• If is necessary to calculate the strain and compute

Limiting constant values

area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the critical

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Where length of punching perimeter

• The maximum permissible shear force, ,must also be checked

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Tension Reinforcement in beams and Concrete Class (

0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021

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area of concrete within tensile zone

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fctk(N/mm2) 1.101 1.333 1.547 1.747 2.117 2.456 2.774

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