History Project – Class

8-T 
Group members: 
Ainna, Mahnoor, Zaina,
Wajiha, Moiz, Tayyab &
Rohan Ahmed.
End of the Ottoman
Khalifat
• After World War 1 had ended, Turkey
was made to sign Treaty of Sevres in
which the European forces came into
Turkey in some pretext or another. 
The number grew so high that at one
point the soldiers in Istanbul were
almost all foreign. The province of
Adana was taken by the French and Urfa
and Maras were under the British. These
foreign forces in the cities of
Constantinople(now Istanbul) and
Smyrna caused resentment. 
 The start of the
independence of Turkey
•On 19 May 1919, a nationalist movement  led by Mustafa Kemal
Pasha in Anatolia brought major changes in the fortunes
of the Turkish people.
•He was elected the president of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly at Ankara.
•He successfully led the Turkish army to victory against the Greek
forces.
•After the victory, Kemal Ataturk was given  the title of '
Ghazi ' and ' Marshal ' .
•By September 1922, Turkey's war of Independence under Mustafa
Kemal Pasha's miliary skills had managed to drive the Allied
forces out of Turkey.

Wajiha Ali 
Treaty of Lausanne,
1993
Firstly, Mustafa Kamal Pasha defeated the European forces
then he made them sign the Treaty of Lausanne in 1993. 

This treaty gave back to the Turks whatever they had lost

under the Treaty of Sevres. 

Turkey regained all the land that it had lost to Greece and it

no longer had to pay for war & damages as it was
demanded earlier by the Treaty of Severs. 

All the countries recognized the independence of Turkey and

it was declared republic by Mustafa Kamal Pasha with its
capital at Ankara. 
 Land given to Britain and France
• - Arab lands under the Ottoman Empire were given to Britain and France under the treaty of
Lausanne.
• - ‘Mandates’ were introduced, who were members of the League of Nations which could administer
another territory.
• - While France controlled Lebanon and Syria, Britain had Transjordan, Palestine and Iraq.
• - During this time, Jews had settled in Palestine under the Balfour Declaration. 
• - The British mainly worked against militant Arab groups who were opposed to this Jewish
immigration in Palestine
REFORMING OF TURKEY

• He adapted the political, legal and cultural codes of the European nations as the
basis of his government.
• The Turkish language was given a new script, in Roman, creating a separate
identity for the Turkish peoples.
• The traditional Sufi orders were discouraged and madressas were closed down
and replaced with a westernized and modern curriculum.
• The Gregorian calendar replaced the Islamic calendar.
• The 'Fez' headgear was replaced by the western hat for men.
• Compulsory head covering for women was abolished. 
Changes made in Turkey
After Kemal took over, multiple changes took place. Mustafa Kemal
realised the importance of education and made school compulsory.
He wanted to modernize turkey and bring it at par with developed
nations which led him to study the systems of the west. He brought
in European laws and gave women a higher position than before in
1934. He was given the "Ataturk" which meant "Father of the
Turks." He is admired for making Turkey independent of foreign
powers. Mustafa Kemal Pasha died on 10th November 1938.
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