FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF

THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS (DJJ20063)
THERMODYNAMICS (DJJ20063)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this class, student are able to:
1. Define the principles of a system, boundary and surroundings.
2. Define energy conversion.
3. Define process (reversible and irreversible) and cycle.
4. Describe the properties of systems (intensive and extensive), state
and equilibrium.
5. Explain the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.

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Introduction to Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is all about energy, where the universe is the largest
known thermodynamic system.
• When the universe ends in a whimper and the total energy of the
universe dissipates to nothingness, so will the thermodynamics end.
• The term derived from two Greek words: therme (heat) and dynamis
(power).
• Energy takes many different forms. It cannot be created or destroyed,
but it can change from one form to another. In thermodynamics we
will study the effect of energy, especially the heat and work on a
system.
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The Laws of Thermodynamics

ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can only be converted
from one form to another.

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the
direction of decreasing quality of energy.

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THERMODYNAMICS (DJJ20063)

Application of Thermodynamics
• CAR ENGINE • AIR-CONDITIONER
• BOILER • REFRIGERATOR
• TURBINE • CONDENSER
• POWER PLANT

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Energy Conversion

Energy cannot be created or destroyed,

but it can change from one form to
another.

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Power Generation
Steam power
plants are widely
utilized for electricity
generation, and coal is
often used to fuel
these plants. The main
components: Boiler,
turbine, condenser
and pump. Example:
Carnot Cycle.

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THERMODYNAMICS (DJJ20063)

Energy Conversion
Example: Power generation

Chemical Thermal Mechanica Electrical

Coal l energy Devices
energy energy energy

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Energy Conversion
Example: Internal combustion engine

Chemical Thermal Mechanical Vehicle

Fuel
energy energy energy motion

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 Internal Combustion
Engine
Four-stroke cycle: Intake (A),
compression (B), power (C), and
exhaust (D). Example: Otto cycle.

Path Process
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection

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THERMODYNAMICS (DJJ20063)

System, Boundary and Surroundings

System
• A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Two types of systems: Closed system and Open system.

Boundary
• A real or imaginary surface that separates the system and its
surroundings.
• Boundary of a system can be fix or movable.

Surroundings
• Mass or region outside the system.

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Properties, State, Path and Cycle

Properties
• Any characteristic that defined the state of a system such as pressure
(P), temperature (T), volume (V), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), mass (m).
Types of Properties
Intensive Properties • Properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system.
• Example: temperature, pressure, and density.

Extensive Properties • Properties that their values depend on the size of the system.
• Example: Total mass, total volume, and total momentum, and enthalpy.

Specific Properties • The extensive properties per unit mass.

• Example: specific volume (v m3/kg), specific internal energy (u kJ/kg), specific
enthalpy (h kJ/kg).

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Properties, State, Path and Cycle

Properties
• The standard units for some properties used in thermodynamics.
Properties Equivalent Units
Mass kg
Temperature T°K T°K = T°C + 273
Pressure bar 1 bar = 100 kN/m2 or 100 kPa
Volume m3 1 m3 = 1000 litre

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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

State
• The set of properties that completely
describes the system’s condition.
• At the given state, all the properties of a
system have fixed values.
• If the value of even one property
changes, the state will change to a
different one.

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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Process
• Any changes that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
• There are five processes:
ISOBARIC ISOCHORIC or ISOTHERMAL ADIABATIC POLYTROPIC
ISOMETRIC Insulated cylinder
process during process during process during process during process that follows
which the pressure which the volume which the which the entropy the law of
(P) remains constant (V) remains constant temperature (T) (s) remains constant
remains constant
P1 = P 2 V1 = V2 T1 = T2 s1 = s 2 PVn = C
Q=0

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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Process
• Reversible process: a process is reversible if the process can turn back
in such a that both the system and the surroundings return to their
original states, with no other change anywhere else in the universe.
• Irreversible process: a process that cannot return both the system
and the surroundings to their original conditions if the process was
reversed. The most common factors of irreversibility are friction,
unrestrained expansion of a fluid, heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference, and mixing of two different substances.

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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Path
• The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
• To describe process completely, one should specify the initial and final
states of the process, as well as path it follows, and the interactions
with the surroundings.
T (K)

1 2
293

V (m3)
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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Cycle
• A system undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of
the process. That is, for a cycle all the properties at the final state is
the same as the initial state.
Path Process
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection

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Carnot Cycle Path

4-1
Process
Heated reversibly and isothermally in a boiler.
1-2 Expanded isentropically in a turbine.
2-3 Condensed reversibly and isothermally in a condenser
3-4 Compressed isentropically by a compressor to the initial
state
4 1

3 2

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 Otto Cycle
A thermodynamic cycle of a typical
spark ignition piston engine.

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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Example 1
A certain perfect gas has an initial volume of 0.03 m3 at pressure of 7
bar and temperature of 131°C. The gas is cooled through constant
pressure until its final volume is 0.02 m3 and temperature 3.7°C.
Based on this question,
i. Identify the system.
ii. List the properties for every state.
iii. Name the process involved.
iv. Sketch the process on P-V diagram and indicate the process path.
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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Example 2
An ideal Otto Cycle starts with air at 100 kPa, 17˚C and 0.832 m 3/kg is compressed
isentropically to 1800 kPa, 652˚C and 0.104 m 3/kg. Then, 800 kJ/kg of heat is
transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process until the pressure
and temperature of air changed to 4345 kPa and 1575˚C respectively. At the end of
isentropic expansion, the air is at 314 kPa and 795˚C. Finally, 382 kJ/kg of heat is
rejected to the surroundings during a constant volume process to its initial state. For
this Otto Cycle,
i. Identify the system.
ii. List the properties for every state.
iii. Name the process involved.
iv. Sketch the process on P-v diagram and indicate the process path.

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Properties, State, Process, Path and Cycle

Solution Example 2
State 1 Isentropic State 2 Isochoric State 3 Isentropic State 4
P1 = 100 kPa P2 = 1800 kPa P3 = 4345 kPa P4 = 314 kPa
T1 = 17°C = 290 K T2 = 652°C = 925 K T3 = 1575°C = 1848 K T4 = 795°C = 1068 K
v1 = 0.832 m3/kg v2 = 0.104 m3/kg v3 = v2 = 0.104 m3/kg v4 = v1 = 0.832 m3/kg
q23 = 800 kJ/kg q41 = 382 kJ/kg

Isochoric

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Equilibrium
• Equilibrium means a condition of balance where the properties are
the same throughout the entire system.
• Several types of equilibrium must exist individually to fulfill the
condition of complete equilibrium.
• Types of equilibrium : Thermal, mechanical, phase and chemical.
• When a system is in equilibrium regarding all possible changes of
state, the system is said in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Equilibrium
Mechanical Equilibrium
• Related to pressure where there is no tendency for the pressure at
any point to change with time as long as the system is isolated from
the surroundings.
• There will be variation in pressure with elevation because of the
influence of gravitational forces. However, in many thermodynamics
problems, this variation in pressure with elevation is so small that it
can be neglected.

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Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
• Refers to the state wherein both the reactants and the products
present in the concentration have no tendency to change with the
period of time during a chemical reaction.

Phase Equilibrium
• Phase equilibrium is the state of thermodynamic system, in which the
different phases (solid, liquid, gas) of the substance coexist at
equilibrium.

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Equilibrium
Thermal Equilibrium
• A system is in thermal equilibrium if the temperature is the
same throughout the entire system.
• That is, the system involves no temperature differential
which is the driving force for heat flow.
• When a body is brought into contact with another body that
is at a different temperature, heat is transferred from the
body at higher temperature to the one at lower temperature
until both bodies attain the same temperature.
• At that point, the heat transfer stops, and the two bodies are
said to have reached thermal equilibrium.

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

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Q & A SESSION
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