EPP level 6

lesson 12:
Summary writing

Name:
 Table of contents

Summary
01 Review 02 Writing
03 Cyber Crimes

04 Activities 05 Conclusion
02
Summary
writing
Tips
 I. Summary Writing: Finding Points
1. Analyse summary question
2. Look through each sentence and analyse if the sentence or part of the sentence answers the
summary question.
3. Find 8 to 10 points
4. Always answer the question
 3 common errors
The final common error is to include Examples,
Irrelevant Points thus deleting error is the final strategy. Examples
The first common error to eliminate is to cut are generally something that are never included in
away Irrelevant Points. Always look at each summaries. 
selected point again and check if it answers the
summary question.

Repeated Points
The second strategy for narrowing down the points is to
delete Repeated Points. Many writers actually repeat
their points throughout their essay. They do this to
emphasise the messages they want to convey.
 How can we reduce the word count?
Delete repeated words
Example: He is a clever, kind and
intelligent boy. (8 words)
Rewritten: He is a kind and intelligent
boy. (7 words)
(Delete either ‘clever’, or
‘intelligent’ – they mean the same
thing.)
Delete excessive details
Example: Imagine a mental picture of
someone engaged in the
intellectual activity of trying to
learn what the rules are for how to
play the game of mahjong. (27
words)
Rewritten: Imagine someone trying to
learn the rules of mahjong. (9
words)
 How can we reduce the word count?
Delete unnecessary modifiers
& determiners
Example: Any particular type of
salad is fine with me. (9 words)
Rewritten: Any salad is fine with
me. (6 words)
Substitute
Example: His comments were often rude,
offensive and hurtful.
Rewritten: His comments were
often insulting and hurtful.
Example: The wan polar
sun supplies little heat.
Rewritten: The weak polar
sun provides little warmth.
 How can we reduce the word count?
Shorten to shorter phrases
Example: Someone who is leading others
needs to know his men. (10 words)
Rewritten: A leader needs to know his men. (7
words)
Example: The pen, pencil, eraser and writing
pad are on the table. (11 words)
Rewritten: The stationery is on the table. (6
words)
Combine with
connectors
Example: The typhoon forced more than a
thousand people to escape from villages in
the mountains. It poured over one meter of
heavy rain on mountainous areas. (26
words)
Rewritten: The typhoon forced more than a
thousand people to escape from the
mountainous villages due to the heavy
downpour. (19 words)
 Completing the summary

Ensure word count is between Add conjunctions so sentences

75~85 words sound smoother

Check for grammar Check if your key points answer

the question
GENDER
Both equality and equity are important, but how are they
different?
 What is gender equity?
“Gender equality, equality between men and women…does not mean that women and
men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities
will not depend on whether they were born male or female. Gender equity means
fairness of treatment for men and women according to their respective needs. This
may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered
equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations, and opportunities.” –United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESDOC)
 Current issues with gender
Here’s the current state:
• If there’s only one woman in your candidate pool, 
there’s statistically no chance she’ll get the job
• Men are promoted at 30% higher rates than women during their early career stages
• 90% of women leave the workforce because of other workplace problems (rather than
having a child)
• Women are paid 79 cents on the dollar of their male colleagues (that drops drastically to 
39 cents for the top 2% of wage earners in the U.S.)
• More men named John run FTSE 100 companies than women
• In a study of 21,980 firms from 91 countries, just over 
50% of firms didn’t have any female executives (only 11% of firms had all female
executives)
• 50% women in STEM fields will eventually leave because of hostile work environments

https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellevate/2017/09/14/why-we-need-gender-equity-now/?
sh=2d6852a577a2
How does gender inequality affect men?
Men
• Traditional stereotypes are difficult for many men
to live up to. They feel pressure to be a ‘real man’,
to be physically and emotionally strong, and be
the main income earner.
• Many workplaces don’t offer men extended
parental leave or flexible hours.
• Men are more likely to drink too much, take
unhealthy risks and engage in violence.
• They are less likely to seek professional help or
talk about their problems with friends or family.
• Men are more likely to commit suicide.
 Comprehension practice
1) The theme of this year’s International Women’s Day was centered around the notion that “[a]n equal world is an
enabled world.” Indeed, there has been global progress toward a world that has gender equality; nearly 68% of the
countries (101 of 149) included in the World Economic Forum’s latest Global Gender Gap Report showed
improvements in their scores for gender parity for 2019.

2) But despite this progress, education is one of many areas in which men and women are still not equally enabled. So
while the world is close to reaching gender parity in terms of access to primary education, girls still face more
obstacles to their education than boys in low- and middle-income countries. Laws may enable girls to attend school,
but in many countries there are still other barriers limiting girls’ education, such as families prioritizing boys’
education and cultural beliefs that girls should be limited to a future of raising children.

Questions
1. What has progressed in the world, according to paragraph 1?
2. What does prioritizing mean?
3. In your own opinion, why do families prioritize boys’ education over girls?
 Comprehension Practice 2
3) The key to removing such barriers is to shift the mindset away from gender
equality to one of gender equity. While gender equality is simply focused on Questions
providing men and women with the same equal opportunities (like making it
legal for women to own land, or even attend school), gender equity works to 4. According to para. 3, what is the
correct the historical wrongs that have left women behind (such as societal difference between equality and equity?
restrictions on employment). Gender equity also means giving women the
tools to succeed, like programs that offer conditional cash transfers to women.
5. What are some examples of gender
A focus on equity bridges the gaps in equality through laws and policies and
gender-focused programs that don’t just level the playing field, but also work equity?
to change the culture to be more supportive of women.

4) This cultural shift requires all people, from leaders to individual community 6. What is the meaning of ‘lingering’?
members, to understand the difference between equity and equality and (Paragraph 4).
provide extra support to women, rather than just offer them the same
opportunities as men. And it starts with each of us recognizing and breaking
down the lingering barriers that prevent those opportunities from becoming a
reality for many women.
 Comprehension practice
5) By investing in their education, women gain more access to leadership positions,
which also empowers them to improve the lives of people within their
communities. The profound impact gender equity has is evident: When the status
of women improved in low- and middle-income countries, for instance, there was Questions
a 47% reduction in childhood mortality, according to a 2015 study published in
Biodemography and Social Biology. 7. Why is it important to invest into
women’s education?
6) In my country, Rwanda, the government and civil society have worked to promote
an equity agenda, by not only ensuring equitable access to education,
employment, and health care for women, but also promoting women as leaders in
8. What is the meaning of ‘profound’
society. In medical school admissions in Rwanda, female candidates have been (para 5)
prioritized, with female enrollment rates increasing from 20% in 2017 to 48% in
2018. Today, at the University of Global Health Equity in Rwanda, we are 9. Why is it important to have women in
continuing these efforts to promote gender equity in our programs, by prioritizing leadership positions?
that at least two-thirds of our medical students are women. And as these female
physicians become leaders in our society, they will leverage their positions to lift
other women up.

Dr. Agnes Binagwaho, MD, M(Ped), Ph.D., is vice chancellor of the University of Global Health
Equity in Rwanda.
 Summary practice

Read this story and summarize in 80 words:

From paragraphs 3 to 6, describe the

difficulties women face and how to solve
equality issues.

Remember, it is a long story, so read it slowly

and remember all the tips we talked about!
Class activity answer
Conclusion
Summary
Tips
- Reduce word count
- Keep within word limit
- - 8 to 10 points

Activity
What did you
learn from it?
Gender equality
vs equity
Homework

01 Summary Writing

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