Principles

and Strategies
of Teaching
TEACHING
AND
TEACHING
PROCESS
TEACHING
 Defined by Carter Good as direct interaction between the teacher and the learner
the pre active decision making process of planning, designing, preparing the
materials for the teaching learning conditions, post active redirection (evaluation,
redesign and dissemination)
 Developing students with wholesome personalities like:

Love of country

Duties of Citizenship

Moral Character

Personal Discipline

Scientific, Technological and Vocational Efficiency

 THE NATURE OF TEACHING
TEACHING AS A
PROFESSION
TEACHING AS A SYSTEM
The decree known as Decree
Professionalizing Teaching was Requires an understanding of the role
promulgated in recognition of the vital of the more mature, experienced
role of teachers in nation building members of society in stimulating,
especially in the development of directing, managing and guiding the
proper attitudes among citizenry as immature and the inexperienced
they have direct and continuing members in their adjustments to life.
interaction with children and young
people.

TEACHING AS A SCIENCE TEACHING AS AN ART

Because teaching requires the
knowledge of scientific discoveries Because teaching calls for
regarding the teaching learning intuition, inspiration, talent and
process, objective of education, creativity.
subject matter and the nature of
learning.
THE TEACHING CYCLE
STRATEGY OF TEACHING
 Refers to the science of developing a plan to attain goal and to guard
against undesirable traits.

  It means the art of using a psychological plan in order to increase the
probabilities and favorable consequences of success and to lessen the
chances of failure.

 General; Created to improve the process to achieve the goal

METHOD OF TEACHING
 Refers to the series of related and progressive acts performed by the
teacher and the students to attain the specific objectives of the lesson.

  It is a plan involving sequence of steps to achieve a given goal or

objective.

  Are more specific ways of attaining and of performing particular tasks

 Relies on the teacher and students and must be both beneficial

TECHNIQUE OF TEACHING
 Refers to the personalized style of carrying out a particular step of a
given method.

  It is a skill employed by the teacher in carrying out the procedures or

act of teaching.

 More specific than method

Ex: Method of teaching:

Socratic Method Technique
Nag a-ask ng questions during or after discussions
Device/Teaching Materials

Teaching aid or tool to facilitate

instruction, like pictures, flash cards,
etc.
GOALS & GOALS
OBJECTIVES  Refer to the broad, general aims of schooling that
are desirable for all citizens and which identify
educational priorities for a society.
 General purpose to achieve the goal

OBJECTIVES
 Refer to the instructional outcomes that describe
the range of student learning;
 They are narrowly defined/specifically stated so
that they suit individuals and classes.
.
SPECIFIC STEPS TO ACHIEVE
THE GOAL PRINCIPLES • Means a general or fundamental law, doctrine or
PRINCIPLE
assumption, a primary source or origin, rule or code of
APPROACH conduct.
STRATEGY • Guides us to reach our teaching goals
APPROACH • Set of correlative assumptions or viewpoint dealing with nature of
METHOD
teaching and learning.
TECHNIQUE • How you seek teaching and learning;
• It differs from every situation as it depends on what kind of
teacher you are and what kind of
students you have
STRATEGY • Over-all or general design of how the lesson will be
executed or delivered.
METHOD • Synonymous to procedure, employed to accomplish
the lesson objectives.

TECHNIQUE • Teacher’s unique way, style, or art of executing the

stages of a method.
• Personal style of teacher in executing the methods
 TYPES OF PRINCIPLES OF
TEACHING
STARTING PRINCIPLE
• Prefer to the nature of the child, his psychological
and physiological endowments.
• What the teacher needs to know (Ex. Getting to know
each other)
• The teacher will be guided as to what
strategy/methods he/she will use

ENDING PRINCIPLE
• Educational aims and objectives.
↳ Psychological - growth and development
of the child.
• Philosophical - based on the culture of the GUIDING PRINCIPLE
people. • The methods of instruction, or the conglomeration
Ex: Assessments (Quizzes, tasks, tests -
of techniques in carrying out the educative
summative and formative)
process.

Ex: Interaction of students

COMMON TEACHING METHOD

 Inquiry-Based Learning  Powerpoint Presentation

 Cooperative Learning  Demonstration
 Lectures ( Chalk & Talk)  Group Discussion
INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING
 Defined as an approach to instruction that begins with the question.
- What the students want to know?

● Triggering curiosity, learning something new.

● 5-E Model:
↳ Engagement
↳ Exploration
↳ Explanation
↳ Elaboration
↳ Evaluation

● The teacher’s primary role is that of a facilitator, providing guidance and support for
students through the learning process.
● Students play an active and participatory role in their own learning process.
↳ Ex: Hands-on learning
COOPERATIVE LEARNING
Teaching method where students of mixed levels are
arranged into groups and rewarded according to the
group success in learning
Elements: ↳ Fishbowl technique
↳ Face to face ↳ Brainstorms ↳
interaction Cross overs
↳ Positive ↳ Jigsaw
interdependence ↳ Syndicates
↳ Individual ↳Snowballing/
accountability pyramiding
↳ Group processing ↳ Reciprocal
↳ Collaborative skills teaching
↳ Group work, Group
Discussion
↳ Think –Pair –Share
↳ Buzzgroup
LECTURES ( CHALK AND TALK )
 Carefully prepared oral presentation of facts, organized
thoughts and ideas by a qualified person.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
● Ease of presentation  Chalk broad is time-
● Ease of consuming in topic
understanding coverage.
● Increases memory for  Less attractive and
particular topic or appealing than PPT
diagram  Decrease in the
● Ease of making notes attention of the
● Stay attentive in class students
● Bettervision
● Inexpensive teaching
aid.
● Easily adaptable to
everyone.
● Can be used in open
air or room teachings.
POWERPOINT DEMONSTRATION
PowerPoint can be an effective tool to present material in the classroom
and encourage student learning. You can use PowerPoint to project
visuals that would otherwise be difficult to bring to class.
Disadvantages:
Advantages: ↳ Computer skills needed ↳ A
↳ flexibility, creativity and ease to use. computer, projector, screen and
↳ premade templates and layouts for users. electricity will all be required.
↳ It is easy to modify the slides when necessary. ↳ It also will be necessary to dim the
↳ To progress through a slide show, the lights in the room to allow for proper
presenter only needs to click a button viewing.
↳ maintain eye contact with his audience, and ↳ The success of the presentation
use his hands for emphasis. depends entirely on the proper
↳ features a pleasing appearance and functioning of technology.
interesting graphics and animations can be used. ↳ the electronic file may be lost as a
↳ can be projected onto a large screen for use in result of a computer virus or accidental
a large auditorium or lecture hall. deletion.
↳ Can be distributed easily to the necessary
people for future ↳ references.
↳ The PowerPoint presentation can be stored
easily on the computer
DEMONSTRATION
 Carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill or
procedure.
 Dramatization help arouse interest
 persuades the onlookers to adopt recommended practices
 uphold the principles of "seeing is believing“ and "learning by
doing",and
 can bring desirable changes in the behavior pertaining to the use
of new practice.

Strengths: Limitations:

↳ Helps people who learn well by ↳ Is of limited value for

modeling others. people who do not learn best
↳ Promotes self-confidence by observing others.
↳ Provides opportunity for targeted ↳ May not be appropriate for
questions and answers the different learning rates of
↳ Allows attention to be focused on the participants.
specific details rather than general ↳ Requires that demonstrator
theories have specialized expertise if
↳ High educational and motivational highly technical tasks are
value involved
GROUP DISCUSSION
 A group is an aggregation of people interacting in a face–to–face situation
 Group size:-6 -12members.
 The participants are seated in a circle so that each is fully visible to all the
others.
 Group leader -initiates the subject,
 Helps the discussion in the proper manner, prevents side-conversations,
encourages everyone to participate, and sums up the discussion in the end.
Strengths: Limitations:
↳ Pools ideas and experiences from
group ↳ Not practical with more that 20 people
↳ Allow everyone to participate in an ↳ Time consuming
active process ↳ Can get off the track or go for social conversations
↳ Helps participants explore pre- ↳ Dominating / shy participants
existing knowledge and build on ↳ Can be a challenge to ensure participation by all,
what they know especially in larger groups
↳ Facilitates exchange of ideas and
awareness of mutual concerns
↳ Can be frustrating for participants when they are at
↳ Promotes development of critical significantly different levels of knowledge and skill.
thinking skills
↳ Develops leadership, teamwork,
communication, and collaboration
skills
↳ Promotes higher levels of thinking
versus simple memorization
THANK YOU