Scales like the Beck Depression Inventory are used to screen for psychopathological phenomena in psychosomatic medicine. The Beck Depression Inventory contains 21 questions across two subscales that assess cognitive-affective symptoms like mood and feelings of inadequacy, as well as somatic manifestations like changes in appetite and sleep. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale simultaneously assesses anxiety and depression and is useful for identifying and evaluating the severity of these symptoms in somatic patients. Fear is an emotion with a clear cause, while anxiety does not have a defined object. Both can manifest somatically across body systems with symptoms like changes in heart rate, breathing difficulties, and gastrointestinal issues.
Scales like the Beck Depression Inventory are used to screen for psychopathological phenomena in psychosomatic medicine. The Beck Depression Inventory contains 21 questions across two subscales that assess cognitive-affective symptoms like mood and feelings of inadequacy, as well as somatic manifestations like changes in appetite and sleep. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale simultaneously assesses anxiety and depression and is useful for identifying and evaluating the severity of these symptoms in somatic patients. Fear is an emotion with a clear cause, while anxiety does not have a defined object. Both can manifest somatically across body systems with symptoms like changes in heart rate, breathing difficulties, and gastrointestinal issues.
Scales like the Beck Depression Inventory are used to screen for psychopathological phenomena in psychosomatic medicine. The Beck Depression Inventory contains 21 questions across two subscales that assess cognitive-affective symptoms like mood and feelings of inadequacy, as well as somatic manifestations like changes in appetite and sleep. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale simultaneously assesses anxiety and depression and is useful for identifying and evaluating the severity of these symptoms in somatic patients. Fear is an emotion with a clear cause, while anxiety does not have a defined object. Both can manifest somatically across body systems with symptoms like changes in heart rate, breathing difficulties, and gastrointestinal issues.
What scales are used to screen psychopathological phenomena in psychosomatic medicine? Beck's depression scale was developed on the basis of clinical observations, which revealed a limited set of the most relevant and significant symptoms of depression. This scale contains 21 questions, 4 answer options, the patient takes from 20 minutes to one hour to complete the self-questionnaire, depending on the condition. How do self-questionnaires differ from clinical scales? Two subscales: cognitive-affective (items 1-13) and somatic manifestations of depression (items 14-21). • Cognitive-affective symptoms: mood; pessimism; feelings of inadequacy; dissatisfaction; guilt; feeling that I will be punished; self- loathing; ideas of self-blame; suicidal thoughts; tearfulness; irritability; violation of social ties; indecision • Somatic manifestations: violation of body image; loss of working capacity; sleep disturbance; fatigue; loss of appetite; weight loss; being caught up in bodily sensations; loss of libido. What methods can be used to determine the level of anxiety and depression at the same time? Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) HADS has high validity for two phenomena: anxiety and depression; it is used to identify and assess the severity of these symptoms in the context of the general somatic network. The advantages of this scale are ease of use and processing (filling out the scale does not require a long time and does not cause difficulties for the patient). Tools for diagnosing anxiety • Clinical manifestations of pathological anxiety can be divided into mental and somatic symptoms. Mental symptoms usually include anxiety, fear, worry over small things, inability to relax, difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep at night, feeling nervous and on the verge of breakdown, rapid fatigue, as well as inability to concentrate and memory impairment, which are sometimes identified as cognitive anxiety. Tools for diagnosing depression The main manifestation of depression is a change in mood. Patients are sad, tearfulness, sadness, irritability periodically occur. Aggressiveness and hostility towards others may also occur. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish depression from the normal physiological reaction of a person to various stressful and social situations, in which there is a decrease in the emotional background. In such cases, there is sadness and annoyance at irritants or somatic diseases. It is often very difficult to draw a clear line in such situations, so the doctor's art is needed in making the correct diagnosis. An established diagnosis of depression requires the earliest possible appointment of antidepressants to stop the main manifestations of the disease. In other situations, mood correction can occur independently or with the appointment of light sedatives. What is the difference between fear and anxiety? Fear is an emotion, the cause of which a person has realized. Anxiety does not have a clearly defined object, fear does. Fear is the result of the interaction of anxiety and thinking. It is very bad when a person is panickingly afraid of anesthesia and/or surgery. She may die suddenly from fear during intubation. In order to prevent fear, especially of doctors and treatment, the child cannot be intimidated by doctors and medical procedures during the education process. Worried about a sick child during treatment, parents should not transfer their fear to them. On the other hand, the doctor's fear and anxiety for the fate of the patient can lead to wrong actions or inaction and harm the patient. Anxiety in psychosomatics Somatic manifestations of anxiety are multisystemic in nature. Thus, the realization of anxiety in the nervous system can be represented by dizziness, nausea, tremors, tremors, paresthesias, and muscle twitching. Anxiety in the cardiovascular system usually looks like tachycardia, extrasystole, cardialgia, fluctuations in blood pressure, acrocyanosis, waves of heat and chills. Lack of air, attacks of choking and suffocation, feeling of a coma in the throat, yawning and loss of automaticity of breathing are a reflection of anxiety in the respiratory system. The appearance of nausea, vomiting, belching, flatulence, dry mouth, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea in a patient with anxiety indicates the involvement of the gastrointestinal system. Accordingly, anxiety in the urogenital system is itching and pain in the perineal area, cystalgia and polyuria. Even the thermoregulatory system has somatic equivalents of anxiety: non-infectious low- grade fever, chills, and hyperhidrosis. Anxious excitement is determined by general motor restlessness, anxiety, fear, agitation of varying degrees of severity. Depression in psychosomatics Depression is a complex psychopathological condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: a depressed, depressed, anxious or anxious mood, a decrease in mental activity and a decrease in motor activity of varying degrees of expressiveness. The term depression comes from the Latin word deprimo, which means "to oppress.” This triad is the core of the clinical picture. Depression can be accompanied by various clinical symptoms. Among them, the most common are loss of appetite, weight loss, heart rhythm disturbances, and constipation. Sleep is disturbed, libido is absent, sexual function is disturbed. In some cases, depression is accompanied by a disorder, then the so-called agitated depression occurs. Depressive excitement is manifested by motor excitement with a feeling of immense despair and painful, unbearable boredom. Also, depression may overlap with psychotic manifestations and/or suicidal ideation.