By

CHANNABASAVA
Asst Professor
Civil engg Dept
• Civil Engineering - Oldest branch of engineering
• Civil engineering - Mother of engineering
• Civil engineers - world's most important jobs -
they build our quality of life
REQUIREMENTS
OF A CIVIL
ENGINEER
• Building materials technology:
 Deals with proper use of desired material for construction economically
and safely.
 Brick, tiles, soil, cement, stone, sand, steel, aggregates, glass, wood,
plastics etc. include construction materials.
 Some are natural and many are manmade.
 mechanical properties - sufficient to avoid failure and excessive
deformation and provide durability
 chemical properties - shall be to maintain good environment
• Structural engineering:
 Face the challenge of designing structures that support their own weight and the
loads they carry, and that resist extreme forces from wind, earthquakes,
bombings, temperature and others.
 Bridges, buildings, amusement park rides and many other kinds of projects are
included.
 Develop appropriate combinations of steel, concrete, timber, plastic and new
exotic materials.
 Plan and design, and visit project sites to make sure work is done properly.
• Environmental engineering:
 Translate physical, chemical and biological processes into systems to
destroy toxic substances, remove pollutants from water, reduce
nonhazardous solid waste volumes, eliminate contaminants from the air and
develop groundwater supplies.
 Resolve the problems of providing safe drinking water, cleaning up
contaminated sites with hazardous materials, disposing of wastewater and
managing solid wastes.
• Geotechnical engineering:
 Develop projects below the ground, such as tunnels, foundations and
offshore platforms.
 Analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior
of these structures.
 Evaluate potential settlements of buildings, the stability of slopes and fills,
the seepage of ground water and the effects of earthquakes.
 Design and construct dams, embankments and retaining walls.
• Water Resources engineering:
 Deal with the physical control of water.
 Work to prevent floods, supply water for cities, industry and
agriculture, to protect beaches or to manage and redirect rivers.
 Design, construct and maintain hydroelectric power facilities,
canals, dams, pipelines, pumping stations, locks, seaport facilities
or even waterslides.
• Surveying and remote sensing:
Surveying – determine positions of points on, above,
below the earth’s surface by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distances, elevations and directions.
Remote sensing – advancement in surveying – using
electronic sophisticated instruments.
• Role of Civil engineers in Infrastructural
development are:

 Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and airports

 Construction of dams and proper utilization of water resources

 Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial complexes

 Maintenance of facilities

 Town Planning

 Provide Safe domestic, agricultural, industrial water supply

 Provide secure and scientific waste disposal

 Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair

 BRIDGES
 A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad
track, river, body of water, or any other physical obstacle.
 A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, or
pipeline.
 A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.
 A bridge has mainly two parts like another structures – substructure
and superstructure.
 Substructure consists of :
 Abutments

 Piers
 Wing walls

 Approaches

 Foundations for piers and abutments

 Superstructure consists of :
 Bearing

 Decking

 Parapet or hand rails, guard stones etc

• Types of Bridges
 Based on Material used:
 Reinforced Cement Concrete Bridge
 Steel Bridge
 Timber Bridge
 Masonry Bridges
 Composite Bridge
 Based on purpose:
 Road Bridge
 Rail Bridge
 Rail & Road Bridge
 Pedestrian Bridge
 Aqueduct Basic Bridge Types
 Based on the need of traffic :
 Submersible bridge
 Non Submersible bridge
Based on level of formation:
 Deck Bridge
 Through Bridge
 Semi -Through Bridge

Based on support condition:

 Simply supported Bridge
 Continuous Bridge
 Cantilever Bridge

Other type of bridges :

 Cable stayed bridge
 Floating bridge
 Movable bridge
 Swing bridge
 Bascule bridge
 Lift bridge
 Transporter bridge
 Suspension bridge
 Arch bridge
 DAMS
 Dam is an impervious barrier construction across a river to store water.
 Water is stored and used for different purposes like irrigation, water
supply and hydro power generation etc.
 The lake of water formed on the upstream side of the dam is known as
reservoir.
 Purposes of the dam:

 To store and divert water for domestic and industrial uses

 To store and control water for irrigation
 To produce hydroelectric power
 To control flood
 To increase the depths for navigational purposes
 To preserve and cultivate the useful aquatic life
 The dams are constructed with rigid materials like masonry,
concrete, steel and timber. They are of following types:
 Solid masonry gravity dam
 Solid concrete gravity dam

 Arched masonry dam

 Arched concrete dam

 Timber dam
 Steel dam

 Concrete buttress dam

 Dams are classified based on its use as Storage dam,

Retention dam and Diversion dam.
BHAKRA DAM - HIGHEST CONCRETE ARCHED CONCRETE DAM –
GRAVITY IDUKKI DAM
DAM

BUTTRESS DAM TIMBER DAM

 ROADS
 Pavements or roads are open, generally public ways for the passage of
vehicles, people and animals. Road is a wide way leading from one place to
another, especially one with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can
use.
 Roads connect all the places in a country. This essentially facilitates the
communication on land
 Roads accelerate the economic prosperity and general development of a country
 Roads serve as the feeder lines to other modes of transport.
 Roads help in administration and maintenance of law and order.
 Roads are important during war time.
 Roads help in the growth of trade, industry, agriculture and phases of
development

Indian Road Congress, IRC classifies Non-urban roads as:

 National highways (NH)
 State Highways (SH)
 District roads
 Major District Roads (MDR)
 Other District Roads (ODR)
 Village Roads (VR)
 BUILDING MATERIALS
• Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes.

• Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood,

even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings.

• Commonly used building materials are:

– STONES

– BRICKS

– TIMBER

– CEMENT

– STEEL

– AGGREGATES
 STONES
Stones are obtained from rocks. A rock represents a definite portion
of earth’s surface
Properties of Building Stones:
 Crushing strength: Greater than 100 N/m²
 Hardness: Coefficient of Hardness more than 17.
 Fracture: Clear & Sharp
 % Wear: Equal to or less than 3 %.
 Fire Resistant
 Water absorption by wt after 24 hrs: less than 0.6
 Specific gravity: More than 2.7
 Durable
Uses of stones
• Stones are used as a construction material for
foundation, walls, Columns and lintels.
• Stones are used for face-work of buildings to give
good appearance.
• Thin stone slabs are used as roofing and flooring
material.
• Crushed stones are used for production of cement
concrete.
• Crushed stones are used as ballast for railway track.
• Aggregate of stone is used as a road material.
 BRICKS
Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in the
rectangular blocks of uniform size and then
by drying and burning these blocks.

Properties of bricks
• Bricks should be of uniform shape and standard
size
• Bricks should be table moulded, well burnt in
kilns, copper colored , free from cracks and
with sharp and square edges.
• Bricks should give clear ringing sound when
struck with each other.
• Bricks when broken should homogeneous and
compact structure.
• A brick should not absorb more than 15% of its weight of water
when kept immersed for 24 hours.
• The crushing strength should not be less than 5.5 N/mm².
• Bricks should be sufficiently hard such that no impression is left
when scratched with finger nails and they should be free from of
soluble salts. USES OF BRICKS
• Bricks are extensively used as a leading material of construction.
• A brick is used for lining the interiors of chimneys and furnaces.
• Broken bricks are used as a ballast material for railway tracks, and also as a
road metal.
• Bricks are extensively used for construction of load bearing walls and
partition walls.
• Bricks are also used for face work when artistic effects are required.
 TIMBER
Timber denotes wood which is suitable for building
construction, Carpeting or other engineering purposes.

PROPERTIES OF TIMBER

Strength : A good timber should have high strength in

bending, shear and direct effects so that it can be used as a
structural member.

Durability : A good timber should be durable and capable

of resisting the actions of fungi, insects, chemicals and
physical agencies

Appearance : A good timber possesses fine and even

texture, close grains and shining dark appearance.
Hardness and toughness: A good timber will
be hard and capable of resisting shock loads.

Seasoning : Seasoning is the process of

removal of water from the freshly cut timber
when is present in the form of sap and
moisture.

Resistance to fire and thermal expansion: A

good timber should have high resistance to
fire.

Workability : A good timber should be easily

workable and should not clog the saw and can
be cut easily.

Defects: A good timber should be free from

serious defects like knots, flaws, shakes etc.
 USES OF TIMBER
• For making doors, windows and ventilators.
• Used as flooring and roofing material.
• Used for making furniture.
• Used in making agriculture implements.
• Used in the manufacture of sports goods, musical instruments etc.
• Used in making railway coaches, wagons, buses, boats etc.
• Used in making sleepers for railways, fencing poles, electric poles,
bridge floors, temporary bridges etc.
• Soft wood is used for manufacture of paper, card boards, wall papers
etc.
 CEMENT
Cement is an extremely fine material having adhesive and cohesive
properties which provide a binding medium for the discrete
ingredients.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

Lime ( CaO) 62-67%

Silica ( SiO₂) 17-25%
Alumina ( Al₂O₃) 3-8%
Calcium sulphate 3-4 %
(CaSO₄)
Iron oxide ( Fe₂O₃) 3-4 %
Magnesia ( MgO) 1-3 %
Sulphur ( S) : 1-3 %
Alkalies ( Na₂O , 0.2 – 1%
K₂O)
 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
• Color of cement should be uniform. • Average tensile strength of cement
• Cement should be free from lumps. mortar should not be less than

• Cement should be uniform when touched. 2N/mm2 at the age of 3 days and

It should be cool, when felt with hand. 2.5 N/mm2 at the age of 7 days.

• It should give strength to masonry. • Initial setting time of cement

• Moisture resistant. should be less than 30 minutes and

• Easily workable. final setting time should be around

10 hours.
• Average compressive strength of the
cement mortar cube of size 7 cm should • Fineness of cement should less

not be less than 11.5N/mm2 at the age of than 10% in sieve test.

3 days and 25 N/mm2 at the age of 7 • Soundness of cement should be

days. less than 10 mm.
 USES OF CEMENT
• It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work pointing etc
• It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
• It is used for water tightness of structure.
• It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing
lintels, beams, stairs, pillars etc.
• It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles, fencing posts
etc.
• It is used in the construction of important engineering
structures such as bridges, culverts, dams, tunnels, light hoses.
• It is used where hard surface is required for the protection of
exposed surfaces of structures against the destructive agents
of the weather and certain organic or inorganic chemicals.
 AGGREGATES
• Aggregates are chemically inert granular materials such as natural
sand, gravels, crushed stones or air – cooled iron blast furnace
slag.
• They are used as filler materials in concrete and mortar.
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
BASED ON SIZE:
(i) Fine Aggregates (ii) Coarse aggregates.
Fine Aggregates:
• The material, most of which passes through 4.75mm IS sieve size, is
termed as fine aggregates.  
• Eg: Natural sand, Crushed stone sand etc
Coarse Aggregates:
• The material whose particles are of such size as are retained on
4.75mm IS sieve are called coarse aggregates.
 FINE
AGGREGATES

COARSE
AGGREGATES
BASED ON SHAPE:
• Rounded aggregates
• Irregular aggregates
• Angular aggregates
• Flaky aggregates
• Elongated aggregates
.
 PROPERTIES OF GOOD
AGGREGATES
• Aggregates should be hard, dense, durable and chemically inert.
• It should not contain any harmful material which may affect the
strength of concrete and steel reinforcement.
• Shape and size of aggregates should increase the strength and
workability of concrete.
• Toughness of aggregate used for concreting should not exceed 45%.
• Aggregate abrasion value should not exceed 16%.
• Specific gravity of good aggregate should be in between 2.6 to 2.7.
• Water absorption should not be greater than 10%.
• Aggregates should be sound enough to resist excessive changes in
volume due to change in physical conditions.
• Coefficient of thermal expansion should be low.
 USES OF AGGREGATES
• Used to provide drainage, fill voids, protect pipes, and to
provide hard surfaces.
• Used in water filtration and sewage treatment processes.
• To fill voids in foundation.
• Unpaved roads and parking areas.
• Used in concrete to provide a rigid skeletal structure.
• Used as sand in mortar.
• Used as ballast
 STEEL
It is the most suitable building material among all the materials.
1. Mild steel ( low carbon steel) : carbon < 0.2% , very ductile.
2. Hard steel (medium carbon steel): carbon < 0.25% to 0.7%
medium ductile.
3. Hard steel (high carbon steel): carbon 0.8-1.5%, less ductile. (if >
1% is called as cast steel)

PROPERTIES AND USES OF STEEL

• It is malleable, ductile, tough and more elastic.
• It can be forged and welded.
• Its specific gravity is 7.3
• Ultimate compressive strength is 800-1200 N/mm² and tensile
strength is 600-800 N/mm²
• It is used for manufacturing rolled sections, reinforcing bar, roof
coverings, sheet piles and rails.
 USES OF STEEL
 Steel in the form of solid bars can be used as reinforcement in concrete and as
reinforcement in walls also.
 Wire ropes and cables are used for lifts, hoists, cranes and also in pre stressed
concrete sections
 Standard equal or unequal angles, channels, H, T and I sections are used
directly as structural members of steel structures such as beams, columns.
 Wires of mild steel having high tensile strength are also used as binding wires
for holding the reinforcement bars together at specified spacing.
 Thin plates or sheets are galvanized and used in corrugated form of roof
covering while thick plates are used to fabricate gates, tanks, pressure vessels.
 COMPOSITES
Composites are combinations of two more separate material on a
microscopic level in a controlled manner to give desired properties.
Types of composite material
1. Natural composites: several natural material can be grouped
under natural composites Eg. Bones, Woods.
2. Man- made composites: these are produced by combining two
or more materials in definite proportions under controlled
conditions Eg. Concrete, RCC, Asbestos cement sheets,
pavements
Properties of Composites
 Composites posses excellent strength and stiffness.
 They are light materials.
 They posses high resistance to corrosion, chemicals and
weathering agents.
 They can be moulded to any shape and size with required
mechanical properties in different directions.
APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 R C C and P S C are composites that are widely used for structural
components.
 Black boards, batten boards, and chip boards which are composite are used
in light construction work such as doors, windows, furniture and cabinets.
 Asbestos cement sheets are used as roof covering material.
 Reinforced glass is used for sky lights and door and window paneling.

BATTEN BOARDS CHIP BOARDS

REINFORCED CEMENT
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (PSC)
CONCRETE (RCC)

ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS REINFORCED GLASS

Disadvantages of composites
 High production cost
 Difficult to repair
 Susceptible to damage
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS

COMPONENTS
OF A
BUILDING

SUB-STRUCTURE
OR SUPER
PLINTH
FOUNDATIONS STRUCTURE
• SUB-STRUCTURE OR FOUNDATION:
• Portion of the building, below ground level - transmits the load of
super structure to the soil.
• Most critical part of the building which safeguards the building
against the forces of wind, uplift, soil pressure etc.
• Foundations may be broadly classified as
 Shallow Foundation – for lower loads

 Deep foundation – for greater loads

PLINTH:
 Middle part of the building above the surface of the surrounding
ground up to the surface of the floor also called as basement
 Minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as 45 cm

Functions:
 Transmits the load from superstructure to the substructure
 Acts as a retaining wall for the filling inside the plinth or
raised floor
 Protects the building from dampness and moisture
penetration
 Improves the architectural appearance of the building
• SUPER-STRUCTURE :
 It is that component of the building which is constructed
above the plinth levels
 It includes walls and piers, floors, doors and windows,
lintels, sunshades, roofs, steps and stairs and finishes for
walls.
FLOORS
 Provided to divide a building into different stories for creating more
accommodation one above the other
 Main function - to give support to occupants, furniture and equipment of a
building.
 Strong enough to carry the loads safely its self -weight as well as imposed loads
 Clean, smooth, impervious, durable and weather resistant, resistance against fire
sufficient heat and sound insulation.
WALLS And PIERS
 Main function of walls is to divide the space into different rooms & built with bricks,
stones or with concrete.
 Walls support the loads from the roof/ upper floors to the foundations

 Piers or pillars are thickened sections of the walls placed at intervals to carry the
concentrated loads
 Features of walls are:
 strong enough to carry the loads safely (self- weight as well as imposed loads)

 external walls - sufficient resistance against weathering agencies like sun, wind,
rain and snow
 It stable against overturning by lateral forces

 It should have adequate resistance against fire

 Walls should have sufficient heat and sound insulation

 Walls should provide sufficient privacy and security against burglary
DOORS AND WINDOWS
Doors are provided to give access to outside of the building as well as
to connect inner rooms of the building. Window is an opening provided
for ventilation and natural light.
Doors and Windows should be:
 Weather resistant
 Fire resistant
 Should have heat and sound insulation
 Should provide sufficient privacy and security against burglary

 
ROOF
 Cover for the building, to protect it from rain, wind, snow,
sunlight etc.
 Roofs may be flat, sloping or curved type.
 Strong - stable - weather resistant - fire resistant - heat and
sound insulation
BEAMS AND LINTELS
 Beam - horizontal structural member, which carries floor slab or roof
 Lintel - beam that supports the masonry work over openings in the
walls
 Column – vertical structural member which transfer load form beam
to the foundation
STEPS AND STAIRS
 Provided for access to the building or to the other floors of the
building.
 Location of the stairs is decided in such way that it can be accessed
easily and quickly from all parts of the building.
PARAPET
• A short masonry wall built on top of the roof of a building.
• It serves as an enclosure above the roof and as an element for
good appearance.
 Building Finishes
Building finishes are used to give protective covering to various
building components and at the same time they provide
decorative effects building finishes consists following items.
1. Plastering
2. Painting
3. Varnishing and polishing
4. White washing
5. Distempering
6. Color washing
Plastering
Providing a thin covering of plastic material such as cement mortar,
lime mortar etc on walls, columns and others surfaces
Painting, varnishing and polishing normally done for doors,
windows and other timber and steel components to increase their
durability and to give decorative finish.
White washing, distempering and coloring are done on
plastered surface to safeguard them against weathering effects &
to improve the apprearance.
THANK YOU