LECTURE 3

Chapter 2
Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications​
- Book by John G Proakis and Dimitris Manolakis , 4th Edition
 DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

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 ELEMENTARY DISCRETE
SIGNALS

Unit Step Sequence, u(n)

Unit Impulse Sequence, δ(n)

Unit Ramp Sequence, r(n)

Real Exponential Sequence, aˣ

Complex Exponential Sequence, ex+jy

Unit Ramp Sequence, r(n)

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 ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Unit Impulse Sequence:

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 E L E M E N TA RY D I S C R E T E S I G N AL S

• Unit Step Function:

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 E L E M E N TA RY D I S C R E T E S I G N AL S

• Unit Ramp Function:

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 ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Exponential Sequence:

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 ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS

• Sinusoidal Sequence:

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 CLASSIFICATION OF DISCRETE
TIME SIGNAL
Based on characteristics

Energy Signal or Power Signal

Periodic or Aperiodic Signal

Even or Odd Signal

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ENERGY OR POWER SIGNALS

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 FIND THE ENERGY AND AVERAGE
POWER OF A UNIT STEP SEQUENCE

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 PERIODIC OR APERIODIC
SIGNALS

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 PERIODIC OR APERIODIC SIGNALS

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 SYMMETRIC(EVEN) & ASYMMETRIC
(ODD) SIGNALS

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MANIPULATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

1. Time Shifting

2. Time Reversal/ Folding

3. Up sampling

4. Down sampling

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 TIME SHIFTING

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 TIME FOLDING

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 TIME SCALING

Downsampling, x(2n)

Upsampling, x(n/2)

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 OTHER OPERATIONS

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 M AT H E M AT I C A L P R O B L E M S

Continuous Unit Step Discrete Unit Step

1 1

u(n)
0.5
u(t)

0.5

0 0
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10

1 1

u(n-5)
u(t-5)

0.5 0.5

0 0
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10

1 1

u(n)-u(n-5)
u(t)-u(t-5)

0.5 0.5

0 0
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS

𝑥 ( 𝑛 ) =𝛿 ( 𝑛 ) −2 𝛿 ( 𝑛 −2 ) + 4 𝛿(𝑛+3)
1 2

1.5

delta(n-2)
delta(n)

0.5 1

0.5

0 0
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10

delta(n)-2delta(n-2)+4delta(n+3)
4 4

3
delta(n+3)

2
2
0
1

0 -2
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10

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 M AT H E M AT I C A L P R O B L E M S

• Different representations of a discrete time signal:

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 . .
Calculate the energy.↑ ↑

=21

Evaluate the even and odd part of x(n)

n -2 -1 0 1 2
x(n) 3 0 2 2 2
x(-n) 2 2 2 0 3
↑

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 DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

x(n) y(n)

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 C L A S S I F IC AT I O N O F D I S C R E T E T I M E S Y S T E M S

Static vs. Dynamic

Linear vs. Non-

linear

Systems Causal vs. Non-causal

Time invariant vs. Time

variant

Stable vs. Unstable

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 S TAT I C V S . D Y N A M I C

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EXAMPLE:

System with memory as y(n)

depends on a past value of x(n)
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 TIME INVARIANT VS. TIME VARIANT

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 TIME INVARIANT VS. TIME
VARIANT

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EXAMPLE:

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 LINEAR VS. NON-LINEAR

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EXAMPLE:

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 CAUSAL VS. NON-CAUSAL

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EXAMPLE:

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 STABLE VS. UNSTABLE

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EXAMPLE:

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