RESEARCH 2

2 QUARTER
ND
Research Terms
And Definitions
 ABSTRACT
A clear, concise summary that
communicates the essential
information about the study. In
research journals, it is usually
located at the beginning of an
article.
 DATA
Units of information or any
statistics, facts, figures, general
material, evidence, or knowledge
collected during the course of the
study.
 VARIABLES
Attributes or characteristics that can
have more than one value, such as
height or weight. Variables are
qualities or quantities, properties or
characteristics of people, things, or
situations that change or vary.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Variables that are purposely
manipulated or changed by the
researcher. It is also called as “
MANIPULATED VARIBLE”.
RESEARCH VARIABLES
Refers to Qualities, Properties or
Characteristics which are observed
or measured in a natural setting
without manipulating &
establishing cause & effect
relationship
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
The characteristics & attributes of
study subjects such as age, gender,
place of living, educational status,
religion, social class, marital status,
occupation, income are considered
as demographic variables
 OPERATIONAL
Refers to the way in which the
researcher defines the variables under
investigation. Operational definition
are stated in such way by the
investigator specifying how the study
variables will be measured in the
actual research situation.
 CONCEPTS
Refers to a mental idea of a
phenomenon. Concepts are words
or terms that symbolize some
aspects of reality. E.g.. Love, pain.
 PROPOSITION
A Proposition is a statement or
assertion of the relationship
between concepts. E.g.,
relationship between anxiety and
performance.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Interrelated concepts or
abstractions that are assembled
together in some rational scheme
by virtue of their relevance to a
common theme. It is also referred
to as theoretical framework.
 ASSUMPTION
Basic principle that is being true
on the basis of logic or reason,
without proof or verification.
 HYPOTHESIS
A statement of the predicted
relationship between two or more
variables in a research study; an
educated or calculated guess by the
researcher.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
A critical summary or research on
a topic of interest, generally
prepared to put a research problem
in context or to identify gaps and
weaknesses in prior studies so as to
justify a new investigation.
 LIMITATIONS
Restrictions in a study that may
decrease the credibility and
generalizability of the research
findings.
 POPULATIONS
The entire set of individuals or
objects having some common
characteristic(s) selected for a
research study is referred to as
population.
 RESEARCH SETTING
The study setting is the location in
which the research is conducted. It
could be natural, partially
controlled environment or
laboratories.
 SAMPLE
A part or subset of population
selected to participate in the
research study.
 SAMPLING
The process of selecting sample
from the target population to
represent the entire population.
 RELIABILITY
The degree of consistency or
accuracy with which an instrument
measures the attributes it is
designed to measure.
 VALIDITY
The degree to which an
instrument what it is intended to
measure.
 ANALYSIS
Method of organizing , sorting,
and scrutinizing data in such a way
that research question can be
answered or meaningful inferences
can be drawn.
 Quantitative research
the process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data. It can be
used to find patterns and averages,
make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results
to wider populations.
 Quantitative research
Quantitative research is the
opposite of qualitative research,
which involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g.,
text, video, or audio).
 Quantitative research methods
In descriptive research, you simply seek an
overall summary of your study variables.
In correlational research, you investigate
relationships between your study variables.
In experimental research, you systematically
examine whether there is a cause-and-effect
relationship between variables.
 How to use Experimental research?

Control or manipulate an independent

variable to measure its effect on a
dependent variable.
Example of Experimental research?