COUNTLESS

AND ACTIVE
PARTICLES OF
MATTER
WEEK 1
MODULE 1
Welcome students!
Make sure you have the
following before we start:
Lesson Objectives
• Write the electron configuration/distribution of an
element.
• Determine the pattern of filling the orbitals based on the
given distribution.
• Describe the set of quantum numbers and complete the
given set of quantum numbers for each given element.
• Supply the following data from the electron configuration
such as: period number,
• Group number, number of paired and unpaired electron/s,
number of valence electron/s, and number of core
electrons.
Let's recall

What is an atom?
Let's recall

What is an atom?
• All matter consists of particles called atoms.
• An atom is a building block of matter.
• Atoms bond to each other to form elements, which
contain only one kind of atom.
• Atoms of different elements form compounds,
molecules, and objects.
Let's recall

What are the 3 sub-

atomic particles?
Let's recall

Sub-atomic particles
• These are particles that are much smaller than atom.
• The three parts of the atom:
1. protons (positively charged)
2. neutrons (no charge)
3. electrons (negatively charged).
Let's recall

• Protons and neutrons form the atomic nucleus.

Electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus
but are moving so quickly they fall toward it (orbit)
rather than stick to protons.
Let's recall

The story of atoms and how

it developed started as early
as the Greek Ancient time.
Let's recall

Democritus was the first to propose

the existence of atoms in 400 B.C. He
reasoned that matter cannot be
divided indefinitely and must consist
of indivisible round particles called
atoms.
Let's recall

How does an atom

look like?
Let's recall

Models of Atom
ELECTRON'S
PROBABLE
LOCATION
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
• LOUIE de BROGLIE - proposed that the electron (which is thought of as a

particle) could also be thought of as a wave.

• ERWIN SCHRODINGER - used this idea to develop a mathematical equation

to describe hydrogen atom.

• WERNER KARL HEISENBERG - discovered that for a very small particle

like electron, its location cannot be exactly known and how it is moving. This
is called the uncertainty principle.
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
The study of Louie de Broglie (Wavelength and Wave Particle Duality), Erwin
Schrodinger (Quantum Theory), and Werner Karl Heisenberg (Uncertainty
Principle) shed light and open the door to better understanding of electrons and its
location.
 How can we predict the
location of an electron in an
atom?
ERWIN SCHRODINGER stated that
electrons do not move in set paths around
the nucleus, but in waves.

It is impossible to know the exact

location of the electrons; instead, we had
clouds of probability called orbitals, in
which we are more likely to find an
electron.
CAN YOU GUESS HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE IN THIS STADIUM?
If you attend a concert, you need a ticket to get in.
It is very likely that your ticket may specify a gate
number, a section number, a row, and a seat
number. No other ticket can have the same four
parts to it. It may have the same gate, section, and
seat number, but it would have to be in a different
row. Each seat is unique and allows only one
occupant to fill it.
We use a series of specific numbers, called
quantum numbers, to describe the location
of an electron in an associated atom.
The quantum mechanical model presented by Schrodinger was based on
mathematical equation and views electron as a cloud of negative charge but did not
describe the electrons' path around nucleus.

To best describe the probable location of electron in an atom is by the

quantum numbers:

• Principal quantum number (n) or Principal energy level or shell

• Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) or Energy sublevel or subshell
• Magnetic quantum number (mℓ) or Orbitals
• Spin quantum number (ms)
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
1.Principal quantum number (n)
• It is the main energy level of an electron or the shell or
orbital in which the electron is located relative to the atom's
nucleus.
• It indicates the relative size and energy of atomic orbitals.
• It is represented by n = integers n= 1, 2, 3, etc. or letters K,
L, M, N, O. . .
• As n increase orbital becomes larger electrons are farther
away from nucleus
1.Principal quantum number (n)

Principal energy
levels contains
sub-level
 Rules of Principal Energy Levels
A principal energy level may contain up to electrons, with n being
the number of each level.

Example:
n= 1
2(1)2 = 2

n= 2
2(2)2 = 8
1.Principal quantum number (n)

Electrons that are located

farther away from the
nucleus are higher in energy.
In other words, the energy of
the electrons increases as
you move away from the
nucleus.
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l).
• It is the energy sublevel or subshell which is a division of
principal energy levels.
• Indicates the orbital shape and describes the way electron moves.
• Sublevels are labeled s, p, d, and f. orbitals
s- sharp (spherical)
p - principal (dumbbell shaped)
d - diffused (clover)
f - fundamental
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l).
• The value of l depends on the value of the principal quantum
number n. (l = n-1)
when l is 0 = s orbital
l is 1 = p orbital
l is 2 = d orbital
l is 3 = f orbital
It defines the orbital shape
The principal quantum number is
always equal to the number of
sublevels within that principal energy
level.
 3.Magnetic quantum number (mℓ)
• determines how many orbitals there are per energy level, which describe
the specific orbital.
• The region in space where electrons are found.
• Four different sublevels (s, p, d, and f) each consist of a different number
of orbitals. The s sublevel has one orbital, the p sublevel has three
orbitals, the d sublevel has five orbitals, and the f sublevel has seven
orbitals.
4. Spin quantum number (ms)
• Indicates the spin
• Electrons are like they are spinning
on an axis
• Only two electrons can occupy an
orbital
• No two electrons in the same orbital
can have the same spin
 QUESTION:

1. Which atomic model is proposed by Schrodinger?

A. Quantum mechanical model

B. raisin bread model
C. planetary model
D. nuclear model
 QUESTION:

2. What is the total number of electrons in the

fourth energy level?

A. 1
B. 4
C. 9
D. 32
 QUESTION:

3. If the first and second energy level is full, what

would be the total number of electrons in the
atom?
A. 6
B. 8
C. 10
D. 18
 QUESTION:

4. There are ___ orbitals in the fourth energy level

A. 9
B. 10
C. 12
D. 16
 QUESTION:

5. What orbital/s could possibly occupy the third

energy level?

A. s
B. p
C. s and p
D. s, p, and d
 QUESTION:

6. It indicates the relative size and energy of atomic

orbitals.

A. Principal quantum number

B. Azimuthal Quantum Number
C. Magnetic quantum number
D. Spin quantum number
 QUESTION:

7. Determines how many orbitals there are

per energy level.

A. Principal quantum number

B. Azimuthal Quantum Number
C. Magnetic quantum number
D. Spin quantum number
 QUESTION:

8. Indicates the orbital shape and describes the way

electron moves.

A. Principal quantum number

B. Azimuthal Quantum Number
C. Magnetic quantum number
D. Spin quantum number
 QUESTION:

9. Indicates the spin of electrons on an axis.

A. Principal quantum number

B. Azimuthal Quantum Number
C. Magnetic quantum number
D. Spin quantum number
 QUESTION:

10. How many electrons can occupy an orbital?

A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
 QUESTION:

11. Two electrons in the same orbital can have the

same spin.

A. TRUE
B. FALSE
 QUESTION:

12. How many orbitals does an S sublevel has?

A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
 QUESTION:

13. How many orbitals does a d sublevel has?

A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
 QUESTION:

14. How many electrons does a p sublevel can

occupy?

A. 2
B. 6
C. 10
D. 74
 QUESTION:

15. The third energy level can hold up to ____

number of electrons.

A. 2
B. 8
C. 18
D. 32
Let's Try!
Summary
 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
 Two methods for expressing electron
locations:

• Configuration
Lithiu
m
2. Orbital Notation
 Electron configuration
• arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of
an atom.
• describes how electrons are distributed in
its atomic orbitals.
• follow a standard notation in which all
electron-containing atomic sub-shells (with
the number of electrons they hold written
in superscript) are placed in a sequence.
LET’S REVIEW:

What are the 4

subshells?
LET’S REVIEW:
Electrons per subshell
s
p
d
f
 Three rules for electron configuration:

• AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
electrons will occupy the
orbitals having lower energies
before occupying higher
energy orbitals.
 Three rules for electron configuration:

1. AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
2. PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
3. HUND’S RULE
 Three rules for electron configuration:

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

Example no. 1:
Hydrogen= 1 electron

Electronic configuration:
 Three rules for electron configuration:

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

Example no. 2:
Lithium = 3 electrons

Electronic configuration:
 Three rules for electron configuration:

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

Example no. 3 :
Carbon= 6 electrons

Electronic configuration:
 Three rules for electron configuration:

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

Example no. 3:
Carbon= 6 electrons

Electronic configuration:
 Three rules for electron configuration:

2. PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

A maximum of 2 electrons may occupy a single
atomic orbital, but only if they have opposite
spins.
Three rules for electron configuration:

3. HUND’S RULE
A single electron with the same spin must occupy
each orbital in a sub level before they pair up with
an electron with an opposite spin
Examples:
Remember!
Periodic table are arranged in increasing atomic
number and the atomic number of
an atom is the number of proton and electron.

Therefore, the number of electrons of an atom is

the basis of determining the location on the
periodic table.
Using the electron distribution, we can predict the elements period
and group number. The number of Principal energy level and valence
electron is the outermost shell electron that participate during
chemical bonding.

Note: (valence electron is the value of s and if it ends with p add the
value of s and p)
QUESTION:

1. Filling of orbitals in increasing energy level

is known as __________.
a. Aufbau principle
b. Hund’s rule of multiplicity
c. Octet rule
d. Pauli’s exclusion principle
QUESTION:

2. What would be the family or group number

of the atom?
a. IA
b. II A
c. III A
d. IV A
 QUESTION:

3. The number of outermost electrons is

__________.
a. 15 b. 7 c. 6 d. 1
 QUESTION:

4.The number of occupied main energy level is

__________.

a. 6 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3
 QUESTION:

5. What would be the period or series

number of the atom?
a. 6 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3
EXAMPLE:

2 3 2 III
A
EXAMPLE:

2 3 2 III
A
2 4 2 IVA
THANK YOU
FOR ATTENDING!